ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AS A CAUSE OF RAPE: A STUDY OF MALE RAPISTS INCARCERATED AT KAMITI MAXIMUM PRISON IN NAIROBI, KENYA
Abstract
Purpose of the study: to examine how alcohol intoxication drives men to rape among convicted male rapists in Kamiti Maximum Prison in Nairobi, Kenya.
Research Method: The study applied a mixed methodology and thus adopted a concurrent triangulation research design. This means that both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with convicted male rapists, while quantitative data were collected through a survey of the same participants.
Findings: The study found that alcohol intoxication was a significant factor in many of the rapes committed by the participants. Some of the participants reported that they were unaware of what transpired during the offence, while others appeared to have taken alcohol in anticipation of the offence.
Conclusion: The study concluded that alcohol intoxication can be a contributing factor to rape. The researchers recommend that different stakeholders such as families, religious organizations, educational institutions, and government agencies partner to provide environments that limit access to alcohol and drugs.
Recommendations: The study makes the following recommendations: Families, Religious organizations, Educational institutions and Government agencies should enforce laws that restrict the sale and consumption of alcohol and drugs.
Keywords: Alcohol Intoxication, Rape, Male Rapists, Incarcerated, Kamiti Maximum Prison
References
Abbey, A. (2011). Alcohol's role in sexual violence perpetration: Theoretical explanations, existing evidence and future directions. Drug and Alcohol Review. 30, 481-489.
Abbey, A., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., McAuslan, P., Zawacki, T., & Buck, P. O. (2003). The relationship between the quantity of alcohol consumed and the severity of sexual assaults committed and college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 18(7) , 813-833.
Abbey, A., McAuslan, P., & Ross, L. T. (1998). Sexual assault perpetration by college men: The role of alcohol, misperception of sexual intent, and sexual beliefs and expiriences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Vol 17(2), 167-195.
Abbey, A., Parkhill, M. R., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., & Zawaki, T. (2007). A comparison of men who commited different types of sexual assualt in a community sanole. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 22(12), 1567-1580.
Abbey, A., Ross, L. T., & McDuffie, D. (1994). ALcohols role in sexual assualt. In R. R. Watson, Drug and alcohol abuse reviews. Vol. 5 (pp. 97-123). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Abbey, A., Ross, L. T., McDuffie, D., & McAuslan, P. (1996). Alcohol, Misperception, and Sexual assualt: How and why they are linked? In D. M. Buss, & N. M. Malamuth, Sex, Power, Conflict Evolutionary and Feminist Perspective (pp. 138 - 153). New York: Oxford Univesity Press.
Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, P. O., Clinton, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2001). Alcohol and Sexual Assualt. Alcohol Research and Health. 25(1), 43-51.
Assembly, K. N. (2006). The Sexual Offences ACt No. 3 of 2006. ( Revised Edi. 2007). Nairobi: National Council for Law reporting.
Begue, L., & Subra, B. (2019). Alcohol and Aggression: Perspective on Controlled and Uncontrolled Social Information Processing. Grenoble, France: Blackwell Publishing.
Chaudhury, S., Bakhla, A. K., Murthy, P. S., & Jagtap, B. (2017). Psychological aspects of rape and its consequences. Psychological and behavioural science international , 1-7.
Christiansen, P., Rose, A. K., Cole, J. C., & Field, M. (2013). A comparison of the anticipated and pharmacological effects of alcohol on cognitive bias, executive function, craving and ad-lib drinking. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27(1), 84-92.
Ellis, L. (1989). Theories of rape: Inquiries into the causes of sexual aggression. Pennsylvania: Hemisphere Publishing Company.
Elmquist, J., Shorey, R. C., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2016). The relationship between compulsive sexual behaviours and aggression in a substance-dependent population. Journal of aggression, maltreatment and trauma. 25(1)., 110-124.
Field, M., Wiers, R. W., Christiansen, P., Fillmore, M. T., & Verster, J. C. (2010). Acute alcohol effects on inhibitory control and implicit cognition: Implications for loss of control over drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 34(8), 1346-1352.
Fulu, E., Jewkes, R., Roselli, T., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2013). Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: findings from the UN multi-country cross-sectional study on men and violence in Asia and the pacific. The Lancet Global Health. 1(4), e187-e207.
George, W. H., & Stoner, S. A. (2000). Understanding Acute Alcohol effects on sexual behaviour . Annual Review of Sex Research. 11, 92-123.
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
Heiskanen, M. (2010). Trends in Police Recorded Crime. In S. Harrendorf, M. Heiskanen, & S. Malby, International Statistics on Crime and Criminal Justice (pp. 21-35). Helsinki: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
Horvath, M. A., & Brown, J. (2006). The Role of Drugs and Alcohol in Rape. Medicine, Science and the Law. 46(3), 219-228.
Johnson, S. A. (2014). Understanding the role of alcohol during rape: The perfect storm of attention, emotion, and expectancies. International Journal of emergency mental health and human resilience. 16 (1), 30-39.
Johnson, S. A. (2017). Intoxicated perpetrators of sexual assualt and rape know what they are doing despite intoxication: What the literature has to say. Journal of Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation. 1(4), 555570.
Johnson, S. D., Gibson, L., & Linden, R. (1978). Alcohol and Rape in Winninpeg, 1966 - 1975. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39(11), 1887-1894.
Kallmen, H., & Gustafson, R. (1998). Alcohol and Disinhibition. European Addiction Research. 4, 150 - 162.
Kameri-Mbote, P. (2001). Violence against women in Kenya: An analysis of law, policy and institutions. Switzerland - Geneva: International Environmental Law Research Center.
Kingston, D. A., & Bradford, J. M. (2013). Hypersexuality and Recidivism among Sexual Offenders. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity. 20, 91-105.
Lac, A., Handren, L., & Crano, W. D. (2016). Conceptualizing and Measuring Weekend versus Weekly Alcohol Use: Item response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. PubMed Central. 17(7), 872 - 881.
Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994). Rape Myths. Psychology of Women Quarterly. (17), 133-164.
Lovett, J., & Horvath, M. A. (2009). From Alcohol and Drugs in Rape and Sexual Assualt. In M. A. Horvath, & J. M. Brown, Rape: Challanging Contemporary Thinking. (pp. 87 - 133). Collompton. UK: Willan Publishing.
Maingi, L. (2020). Relationship between substance use and victimization to intimate partner violence among men in Nyeri County, Kenya. African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse. Vol. 4, 39 - 49.
Maweu, J. (2022). Biological factors as drivers of men to rape: A study of male rapists incarcerated at kamiti maximum prison in nairobi, Kenya. African Journal of Emerging Issues. (4)7, 23-37.
Maweu, J. K. (2006). Factors that drive men to rape: A study of convicted male rapists in Kamiti Maximum prison of Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Unpublished MA Thesis - Daystar University.
Merril, S. D. (2004). Encyclopedia of Rape. New York: Greenwood Press.
Mognetti, B., Bo, M., Berta, G. N., Canavese, A., Castagna, P., Collini, F. Gino, S. (2022). Sexual Harassments related to Alcohol and Drugs intake: The expiririence of the Rape Center of Turin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19, 1-16.
Mukamal, K. J. (2020). A safe level of alcohol consumption: the right answer demands the right question. Journal of Internal Medicine, 550-559.
Ngubane, L. B., Nothling, J., Moletsane, R., Wilkinson, A., & Qulu, L. (2022). Why men rape: perspective from incarcerated rapists in a Kwazulu-Natal prison, South Africa. Frontiers in Psychology. 13 (805289), 1-13.
Parrott, D. J., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2018). Effects of alcohol on human aggresion. Current Opinion in Psychology. 29, 1-5.
Ramsoomar, L., Gibbs, A., Chirwa, E. D., Dunkle, K., & Jewkes, R. (2021). Pooled analysis of the association between alcohol use and violence against women: evidence from four violence prevention studies in Africa. British Medical Journal [BMJ] Open. 11, 1 - 11.
Room, R., Makela, P., Benegal, V., Greenfield, T. K., Hettige, S., Tumwesigye, N. M., & Wilsnack, R. (2012). Times to drink: Cross-cultural variations in drinking in the rhythm of the week. International Journal of Public Health. 57(1), 107-117.
Seto, M. C., & Barabaree, H. E. (1997). Sexual aggression as antisocial behavior: A developmental model. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser, Handbook of antisocial behaviour (pp. 524-533). New York: Wiley.
Steirnstromer, E., Fritz, M. V., Mellgren, C., & Khoshnood, A. ( 2020). Characteristics of convicted male-on-female rapists in the South of Sweden between 2013 and 2018: a pilot study. Forensic Sciences Research. 5(2), 126-133.
White, J. W., & Sorenson, S. B. (1992). A sociocultural view of sexual assualt: from discrephancy to diversity. Journal of social Issues. (48), 187-195.
Zhang, K. (2018). Theory of Planned behaviour: origins, Development and Future Directions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2319-7714.
Abbey, A., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., McAuslan, P., Zawacki, T., & Buck, P. O. (2003). The relationship between the quantity of alcohol consumed and the severity of sexual assaults committed and college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 18(7) , 813-833.
Abbey, A., McAuslan, P., & Ross, L. T. (1998). Sexual assault perpetration by college men: The role of alcohol, misperception of sexual intent, and sexual beliefs and expiriences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Vol 17(2), 167-195.
Abbey, A., Parkhill, M. R., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., & Zawaki, T. (2007). A comparison of men who commited different types of sexual assualt in a community sanole. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 22(12), 1567-1580.
Abbey, A., Ross, L. T., & McDuffie, D. (1994). ALcohols role in sexual assualt. In R. R. Watson, Drug and alcohol abuse reviews. Vol. 5 (pp. 97-123). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Abbey, A., Ross, L. T., McDuffie, D., & McAuslan, P. (1996). Alcohol, Misperception, and Sexual assualt: How and why they are linked? In D. M. Buss, & N. M. Malamuth, Sex, Power, Conflict Evolutionary and Feminist Perspective (pp. 138 - 153). New York: Oxford Univesity Press.
Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, P. O., Clinton, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2001). Alcohol and Sexual Assualt. Alcohol Research and Health. 25(1), 43-51.
Assembly, K. N. (2006). The Sexual Offences ACt No. 3 of 2006. ( Revised Edi. 2007). Nairobi: National Council for Law reporting.
Begue, L., & Subra, B. (2019). Alcohol and Aggression: Perspective on Controlled and Uncontrolled Social Information Processing. Grenoble, France: Blackwell Publishing.
Chaudhury, S., Bakhla, A. K., Murthy, P. S., & Jagtap, B. (2017). Psychological aspects of rape and its consequences. Psychological and behavioural science international , 1-7.
Christiansen, P., Rose, A. K., Cole, J. C., & Field, M. (2013). A comparison of the anticipated and pharmacological effects of alcohol on cognitive bias, executive function, craving and ad-lib drinking. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27(1), 84-92.
Ellis, L. (1989). Theories of rape: Inquiries into the causes of sexual aggression. Pennsylvania: Hemisphere Publishing Company.
Elmquist, J., Shorey, R. C., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2016). The relationship between compulsive sexual behaviours and aggression in a substance-dependent population. Journal of aggression, maltreatment and trauma. 25(1)., 110-124.
Field, M., Wiers, R. W., Christiansen, P., Fillmore, M. T., & Verster, J. C. (2010). Acute alcohol effects on inhibitory control and implicit cognition: Implications for loss of control over drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 34(8), 1346-1352.
Fulu, E., Jewkes, R., Roselli, T., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2013). Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: findings from the UN multi-country cross-sectional study on men and violence in Asia and the pacific. The Lancet Global Health. 1(4), e187-e207.
George, W. H., & Stoner, S. A. (2000). Understanding Acute Alcohol effects on sexual behaviour . Annual Review of Sex Research. 11, 92-123.
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
Heiskanen, M. (2010). Trends in Police Recorded Crime. In S. Harrendorf, M. Heiskanen, & S. Malby, International Statistics on Crime and Criminal Justice (pp. 21-35). Helsinki: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
Horvath, M. A., & Brown, J. (2006). The Role of Drugs and Alcohol in Rape. Medicine, Science and the Law. 46(3), 219-228.
Johnson, S. A. (2014). Understanding the role of alcohol during rape: The perfect storm of attention, emotion, and expectancies. International Journal of emergency mental health and human resilience. 16 (1), 30-39.
Johnson, S. A. (2017). Intoxicated perpetrators of sexual assualt and rape know what they are doing despite intoxication: What the literature has to say. Journal of Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation. 1(4), 555570.
Johnson, S. D., Gibson, L., & Linden, R. (1978). Alcohol and Rape in Winninpeg, 1966 - 1975. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39(11), 1887-1894.
Kallmen, H., & Gustafson, R. (1998). Alcohol and Disinhibition. European Addiction Research. 4, 150 - 162.
Kameri-Mbote, P. (2001). Violence against women in Kenya: An analysis of law, policy and institutions. Switzerland - Geneva: International Environmental Law Research Center.
Kingston, D. A., & Bradford, J. M. (2013). Hypersexuality and Recidivism among Sexual Offenders. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity. 20, 91-105.
Lac, A., Handren, L., & Crano, W. D. (2016). Conceptualizing and Measuring Weekend versus Weekly Alcohol Use: Item response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. PubMed Central. 17(7), 872 - 881.
Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994). Rape Myths. Psychology of Women Quarterly. (17), 133-164.
Lovett, J., & Horvath, M. A. (2009). From Alcohol and Drugs in Rape and Sexual Assualt. In M. A. Horvath, & J. M. Brown, Rape: Challanging Contemporary Thinking. (pp. 87 - 133). Collompton. UK: Willan Publishing.
Maingi, L. (2020). Relationship between substance use and victimization to intimate partner violence among men in Nyeri County, Kenya. African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse. Vol. 4, 39 - 49.
Maweu, J. (2022). Biological factors as drivers of men to rape: A study of male rapists incarcerated at kamiti maximum prison in nairobi, Kenya. African Journal of Emerging Issues. (4)7, 23-37.
Maweu, J. K. (2006). Factors that drive men to rape: A study of convicted male rapists in Kamiti Maximum prison of Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Unpublished MA Thesis - Daystar University.
Merril, S. D. (2004). Encyclopedia of Rape. New York: Greenwood Press.
Mognetti, B., Bo, M., Berta, G. N., Canavese, A., Castagna, P., Collini, F. Gino, S. (2022). Sexual Harassments related to Alcohol and Drugs intake: The expiririence of the Rape Center of Turin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19, 1-16.
Mukamal, K. J. (2020). A safe level of alcohol consumption: the right answer demands the right question. Journal of Internal Medicine, 550-559.
Ngubane, L. B., Nothling, J., Moletsane, R., Wilkinson, A., & Qulu, L. (2022). Why men rape: perspective from incarcerated rapists in a Kwazulu-Natal prison, South Africa. Frontiers in Psychology. 13 (805289), 1-13.
Parrott, D. J., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2018). Effects of alcohol on human aggresion. Current Opinion in Psychology. 29, 1-5.
Ramsoomar, L., Gibbs, A., Chirwa, E. D., Dunkle, K., & Jewkes, R. (2021). Pooled analysis of the association between alcohol use and violence against women: evidence from four violence prevention studies in Africa. British Medical Journal [BMJ] Open. 11, 1 - 11.
Room, R., Makela, P., Benegal, V., Greenfield, T. K., Hettige, S., Tumwesigye, N. M., & Wilsnack, R. (2012). Times to drink: Cross-cultural variations in drinking in the rhythm of the week. International Journal of Public Health. 57(1), 107-117.
Seto, M. C., & Barabaree, H. E. (1997). Sexual aggression as antisocial behavior: A developmental model. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser, Handbook of antisocial behaviour (pp. 524-533). New York: Wiley.
Steirnstromer, E., Fritz, M. V., Mellgren, C., & Khoshnood, A. ( 2020). Characteristics of convicted male-on-female rapists in the South of Sweden between 2013 and 2018: a pilot study. Forensic Sciences Research. 5(2), 126-133.
White, J. W., & Sorenson, S. B. (1992). A sociocultural view of sexual assualt: from discrephancy to diversity. Journal of social Issues. (48), 187-195.
Zhang, K. (2018). Theory of Planned behaviour: origins, Development and Future Directions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2319-7714.
Published
2023-06-27
How to Cite
Maweu, J. (2023). ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AS A CAUSE OF RAPE: A STUDY OF MALE RAPISTS INCARCERATED AT KAMITI MAXIMUM PRISON IN NAIROBI, KENYA. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 5(5), 73 - 83. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/407
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