A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WINSTON CHURCHILL AND NELSON MANDELA’S SELF-LEADERSHIP STYLES: IMPACT ON THEIR NATIONS AND THE WORLD
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the leadership styles of Winston Churchill and Nelson Mandela, with a specific focus on the extent to which they practiced self-leadership and how this influenced their leadership during times of crisis.
Research methodology: The study used a qualitative research methodology. The authors conducted a literature review of academic articles and books that examined the leadership styles of Winston Churchill and Nelson Mandela. They also conducted interviews with experts on leadership and self-leadership.
Findings of the study: The study found that both Winston Churchill and Nelson Mandela practiced self-leadership to varying degrees. Churchill was more of a traditional leader who relied on his charisma and willpower to motivate his followers. However, he also demonstrated self-leadership skills such as self-awareness, goal-setting, and adaptability. Mandela, on the other hand, was a more transformational leader who focused on inspiring and empowering his followers. He also demonstrated strong self-leadership skills, such as self-awareness, goal-setting, and emotional intelligence. The study found that the self-leadership practices of Winston Churchill and Nelson Mandela had a significant impact on their leadership during times of crisis. Churchill's self-awareness and goal-setting skills helped him to maintain his focus and determination during World War II. Mandela's emotional intelligence and adaptability skills helped him to navigate the challenges of leading South Africa through apartheid.
Conclusion: The study concluded that self-leadership is an essential skill for leaders who want to be successful in times of crisis. The study also found that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to self-leadership. The best approach for a particular leader will depend on their individual strengths and weaknesses.
Recommendation: The study recommended that aspiring leaders develop their self-leadership skills. They should focus on developing their self-awareness, goal-setting, emotional intelligence, and adaptability skills. They should also learn from the self-leadership practices of successful leaders such as Winston Churchill and Nelson Mandela. In addition, the study recommended that organizations create a culture of self-leadership. They should provide opportunities for employees to develop their self-leadership skills and to practice self-leadership in their work. Organizations should also reward employees who demonstrate self-leadership skills.
Keywords: A Comparative Analysis, Winston Churchill, Nelson Mandela’s, Self-Leadership, Styles
References
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: a Social Cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies. Cambridge
Bandura, A. (Ed.). (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527692
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. Free Press.
Clinebell, S. (2014). Snapshots of great leadership.
Daud, Y. M. (2020). Self-leadership and its application to today’s leader - A review of literature. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 8 (1), 1 – 11.
Drucker, P. F. (2008). Managing Oneself. Harvard Business Press. 1173. https://ezproxy.pacuniversity.ac.ke:2070/10.1108/JMD-01-2016-0011
Garba, D., & Akuva, I. I. (2020). The leadership styles of Nelson Mandela as a pattern for African leaders. Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs. https://doi.org/10.47231/ZMPQ6582
George, B., McLean, A., & Craig, N. (2008, June 2). Finding Your True North: A Personal Guide (Vol. 156). Jossey-Bass.
Gibson, M., & Weber, R. J. (2015). Applying leadership qualities of great people to your department: Sir Winston Churchill. Hospital Pharmacy, 50(1), 078–083. https://doi.org/10.1310/hpj5001-78
Gilbert, M. (2007, January 1). Winston Churchill’s War Leadership. Vintage. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350113596
Gobodo-Madikizela, P. (1999). A Human Being Died That Night: A South African Story of Forgiveness. Mariner Books.
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Hardy, L., Hall, C. R., & Hardy, J. (2005). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(9), 905-917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500130706
Hashimy, S. Q., Jahromi, A., Hamza, M., Naaz, I., Nyamwero, N. B., & Basavarajappa, H. (2023). Nurturing Leadership and Capacity Building for Success: Empowering Growth. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Special Education, 3(2), 1–14.
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of cognitive strategies on state anxiety and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(4), 408-421.
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2007). Self-talk and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(4), 229-241.
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555
Holroyd, J., Brown, K. A., & Turner, A. P. (2015). What is Self-leadership? In SAGE Publications, Inc. eBooks (pp. 23–42). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473917132.n2
Isaac, A. R., Marks, D. F., & Russell, D. G. (1986). An instrument for assessing imagery of movement: The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ). Journal of Mental Imagery, 10(2), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1037/t07980-000
Ivancevich, J. M., Matteson, M. T., & Konopaske, R. (2017). Organizational Behavior and Management: McGraw-Hill Education.
Johnson, M. W., & Suskewicz, J. (2020). Leaders, do you have a clear vision for the post-crisis future. Harvard Business Review, 17.
Kalungu-Banda, M. (2008, February 1). Leading like Madiba: Lessons of Leadership from Nelson Mandela. https://doi.org/10.1604/9781770130449
Keegan, J. (2002, December 1). Winston Churchill: A Life. https://doi.org/10.1604/9780786239986
Kokkinos, C. M. (2007). Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(1), 229-243. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709905X90344
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Prentice-Hall.
Longstaffe, C. (2005). Winston Churchill, a leader from history or an inspiration for the future? Industrial and Commercial Training, 37(2), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850510584223
Mandela, N. (2016, September 1). Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little Brown GBR.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667
Moon, J. (2021). Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Styles on Risk Intelligent Decision Making and Risk Management. Journal of Engineering, Project & Production Management, 11(1).
Munroe-Chandler, K., Hall, C. R., & Fishburne, G. (2012). Uses and purposes of mental imagery in athletics. In S. Murphy (Ed.), Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology (pp. 267-281). Oxford University Press.
Neck, C. P., Manz, C. C., & Houghton, J. D. (2019). Self-leadership: The definitive guide to personal excellence. Sage Publications.
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.
Pietersen, W. (2015). What Nelson Mandela taught the world about leadership. Leader to Leader, 2015(76), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.20180
Press.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Schoofs, A. (2000). Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (Book). The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 33(3), 715-717.
Scott, J. S. (2017). The Path to Self-mastery: A Complete Self-Mastery Guide to Breaking Through Resistance So You Can Actualize Your Potential. Sage.
Shimoni, G. (2004). Mandela: The Authorized Portrait. Random House.
Sinek, S. (2010, January 8). Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action. Portfolio.
Smith, D., Wright, C. J., Allsopp, A. J., & Westhead, H. (2007). It's all in the mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600944132. University Press.
Williams, M. (2006). Mastering leadership. Thorogood Publishing. Created from pacuniversity-ebooks on 2023-06-09 12:58:51.
Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations. Pearson Prentice Hall.