ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF MATURE AGE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The study aimed to establish the academic performance of mature age students in universities and associated factors. Along with increases in nontraditional student enrollment comes an increasing percentage of working nontraditional college students. Mature-entry students (21 years and above) constitute a notable group within higher education sector.
Study Methodology; The study used a descriptive survey with a purpose to examine the determinants of academic performance of mature age entry students. The study was conducted among mature age entry students at Kenya Methodist University in Kenya. Proportionate stratified sampling was used to select the 87 subjects. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis with the help of SPSS. A total of 73 mature age students participated in the study representing a 84% response rate.
Results and Findings: Majority 47(64%) of the respondents had a GPA between 2.1 and 3.0. Gender (p=0.006), age (p=0.0390 and economic status (p=0.000) were significant. in addition, family commitments (p=0.000), family support (p=0.000), institutional support (p=0.003) and work life balance (p=0.000) were significant.
Conclusion: The study concluded that performance is influenced by demographic and social factors. Social factors appeared to have a greater influence than demographic factors where they emerged as barriers to good academic performance. Universities therefore need to tailor programmes to match needs of mature age students.
Key words: Mature age, Academic performance, University Students
References
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Baliyan, S. P., & Nenty, H. J. (2015). Demographic factors influencing senior secondary school students’ attitude towards agriculture in Botswana. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(10), 13-27.
Bamber, J., & Tett, L. (2010). Transforming the Learning Experiences of Non-traditional Students: A perspective from higher education. Studies in Continuing Education, 22(1), 57– 75. https://doi.org/10.1080/713695715
Baxter, A., & Britton, C. (2011). Risk, identity and change: Becoming a mature student. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 11(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620210100200066
Bohl, A. J., Haak, B., & Shrestha, S. (2017). The Experiences of Nontraditional Students: A Qualitative Inquiry. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 65(3), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2017.1368663
Bonsaksen, T., Brown, T., Lim, H. B., & Fong, K. (2017). Approaches to studying predict academic performance in undergraduate occupational therapy students: a cross-cultural study. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 76-103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0914-3
Bowl, M. (2010). Experiencing the barriers: non-traditional students entering higher education. Research Papers in Education, 16(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520110037410
Burton, K., Lloyd, M. G., & Griffiths, C. (2011). Barriers to learning for mature students studying HE in an FE college. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 35(1), 25–36.
Considine S.H & Zappala D. (2002). Sample selection models of academic performance. http://ei.oxfordjournals.org/. Retrieved on 23rd Dec 2014
Crosnoe, R., Monica, K. J and Glen, H .E .Jr. (2004). School size and the interpersonal side of education: An example of Race/Ethnicity and organizational context. Social Science Quarterly, 85(5) 12-18
Dawborn-Gundlach, L. M. (2015). The experience of transition and adjustment for mature-age, undergraduate students in their first year of university. Melbourne Graduate School of Education. Retrieved from https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/91743
Dawborn-Gundlach, M., & Margetts, K. (2018). Measures of the adjustment of mature-age, undergraduate students to university. Journal of Global Education and Research, 2(1), 17- 32. doi:10.5038/2577-509X.2.1.1014
Dill, P. L., & Henley, T. B. (2010). Stressors of College: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Students. The Journal of Psychology, 132(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599261
Director of Fair Access (2011). Higher education of single and married mothers. Higher Education Research and Development, 12(2) 34-38
Diyaolu, O., & Diyaolu, B. (2018). Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Utilisation of EIRs by Postgraduate Students in Three Selected Universities in South-west Nigeria.
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2105
Dohlman, L., DiMeglio, M., Hajj, J., & Laudanski, K. (2019). Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(7), 1182. doi:10.3390/ijerph16071182
Fragoso, A., GonÇAlves, T., Ribeiro, C. M., Monteiro, R., Quintas, H., Bago, J., … Santos, L. (2013). The transition of mature students to higher education: Challenging traditional concepts? Studies in the Education of Adults, 45(1), 67–81.
Gill, B., Hayes, S., & Senior, C. (2015). The effects of family support and gender on mature student engagement in higher education. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 156.
Green, L., & Celkan, G. (2011). Student demographic characteristics and how they relate to student achievement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 341–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2011.03.098
Güss, C. D., Burger, M. L., & Dörner, D. (2017). The role of motivation in complex problem solving. Frontiers in psychology, 8(3), 851 -903. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00851
Hayat, S. A., Luben, R., Dalzell, N., Moore, S., Anuj, S., Matthews, F. E., … Khaw, K.-T. (2016). Cross Sectional Associations between Socio-Demographic Factors and Cognitive Performance in an Older British Population: The European Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Study. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0166779.
Heagney, M., & Benson, R. (2017). How mature-age students succeed in higher education: implications for institutional support. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 39(3), 216–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2017.1300986
Johnson, M. L., Taasoobshirazi, G., Clark, L., Howell, L., & Breen, M. (2016). Motivations of Traditional and Nontraditional College Students: From Self-Determination and Attributions, to Expectancy and Values. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 64(1), 3–15.
Kearns, M. (2017). Mature Students’ in Irish Higher Education. In Access and Participation in Irish Higher Education (pp. 177–195). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Kenner, C., & Weinerman, J. (2011). Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 41(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2011.10850344
Khishfe R. & BouJaoude, S. (2016) “Lebanese Students ‘conceptions of and Attitudes towards Science and Related Careers Based On Their Gender and Religious Affiliations,” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education,
Laming, M. M., Martin-Lynch, P., & Morris, A. (2016). Mature-age men’s experiences of higher education: Australia and England compared. a literature review Society for Research into Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.srhe.ac.uk/downloads/Laming_MartinLynch_Morris_Literature_Review_on_ Mature-age_Male_Students.pdf
Lester D. (2013), Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Psychol Rep. 2013 Aug;113(1):1027- 9. PubMed PMID: 24340796.
Mallman, M., & Lee, H. (2016). Stigmatised learners: mature-age students negotiating university culture. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(5), 684–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2014.973017
Mc Cune Shultz F. and Helmut W. (2010). The experience of mature students. Studies in Higher Education, 1(2) 45-48
McCune, V. Hounsell, J. Christie, H. Cree, V. E & Tett, L. (2010) Mature and younger students' reasons for making the transition from further education into higher education. Teaching in higher education, 15 (6), 691-702 DOI: 10.1080/13562517.2010.507303
Messineo, L., Allegra, M., & Seta, L. (2019). Self-reported motivation for choosing nursing studies: a self-determination theory perspective. BMC medical education, 19(1), 192. doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1568-0
Mohammad,Y.H.S and Alhameed,M.A (1988). An evaluation of traditional admission Standards in predicting Kuwait University students’ academic outcomes. Higher education Vol.17, No.2. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Netherlands. Moi University Student Guide Book (6th edition)
Mutonga, K. (2011): Exploring beliefs about academic outcomes achievement. The Education Journal. Vol. 2: pp. 57 New Vision 77
Mutuku, S. C. & Kiilu, M. R. (2016). Influence of demographic factors on academic performance among primary teacher trainees - a case study of Machakos Teachers College. International Journal of Educational Studies, 3(1), 07-11. Retrieved from https://escijournals.net/index.php/IJES/article/view/1394
Nuzhat, A., Salem, R. O., Hamdan, N. Al, & Ashour, N. (2013). Gender differences in learning styles and academic performance of medical students in Saudi Arabia. Medical Teacher, 35(sup1), S78–S82. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.765545
O'Carroll, J., Ennis, C., Loscher, K., Ryan, D. and Dixon, N. (2017) Strategies for Enhancing the Mature Student Experience in Higher Education. Dublin Institute of Technology.
O'Shea, S. & Stone, C. (2011). Transformations and self-discovery: mature-age women’s reflections on returning to university study. Studies in Continuing Education, 33 (3), 273- 288.
Peffer, P. A. L. (2011). Demographics of an Undergraduate Animal Sciences Course and the Influence of Gender and Major on Course Performance. NACTA Journal. North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture (NACTA). https://doi.org/10.2307/nactajournal.55.1.26
Rabourn, K. E., BrckaLorenz, A., & Shoup, R. (2018). Reimagining Student Engagement: How Nontraditional Adult Learners Engage in Traditional Postsecondary Environments. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 66(1), 22–33.
Rovers, J., Japs, K., Truong, E., & Shah, Y. (2016). Motivations, barriers and ethical understandings of healthcare student volunteers on a medical service trip: a mixed methods study. BMC medical education, 16, 94. doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0618-0
Salem, R. O., Al-Mously, N., Nabil, N. M., Al-Zalabani, A. H., Al-Dhawi, A. F., & Al-Hamdan, N. (2013). Academic and socio-demographic factors influencing students’ performance in a new Saudi medical school. Medical Teacher, 35(sup1), S83–S89. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.765551
Schwartz, M. (2013). Predictors of student satisfaction. Retrieved from http://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/lt/programs/new_faculty/2014/Predictors_Student_Satis faction.pdf
Sommerville, T., & Singaram, V. S. (2018). Exploring demographic influences on students’ academic performance over a five-year programme. South African Journal of Higher Education, 32(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.20853/32-2-2054
Swain, J., & Hammond, C. (2011). The motivations and outcomes of studying for part-time mature students in higher education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 30(5), 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2011.579736
Taormina R & Gao JH. 2013) Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: measuring satisfaction of the needs. Am J Psychol. 2013 Summer;126(2):155-77. PubMed PMID: 23858951
UniversitiesUK. (2019). Higher education in facts and figures 2018. London. Retrieved from https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/facts-and-stats/data-and-analysis/Documents/higher- education-in-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf
Vanderstel, A. (2014). The Impact of Demographics in Education. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/329
Wood, Colin and Cattell, Chris (2014) The Motivations and Outcomes of Studying for Part-time Mature Students Completing Higher Education Programmes at Further Education Colleges. In: Research in Post-Compulsory Education Inaugural International Research Conference, 11th - 13th July 2014, Harris Manchester College, Oxford, UK.
Wouters, A., Croiset, G., Isik, U., & Kusurkar, R. A. (2017). Motivation of Dutch high school students from various backgrounds for applying to study medicine: a qualitative study. BMJ open, 7(5), e014779. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014779
Wyatt, L. G. (2011). Nontraditional Student Engagement: Increasing Adult Student Success and Retention. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 59(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2011.544977
Baba, I., Aliata, M. I., & Patrick, B. A. (2013). Demographic factors and students’ academic achievement in tertiary institutions in Ghana: A study of Wa polytechnic. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(20), 1-13.
Baliyan, S. P., & Nenty, H. J. (2015). Demographic factors influencing senior secondary school students’ attitude towards agriculture in Botswana. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(10), 13-27.
Bamber, J., & Tett, L. (2010). Transforming the Learning Experiences of Non-traditional Students: A perspective from higher education. Studies in Continuing Education, 22(1), 57– 75. https://doi.org/10.1080/713695715
Baxter, A., & Britton, C. (2011). Risk, identity and change: Becoming a mature student. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 11(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620210100200066
Bohl, A. J., Haak, B., & Shrestha, S. (2017). The Experiences of Nontraditional Students: A Qualitative Inquiry. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 65(3), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2017.1368663
Bonsaksen, T., Brown, T., Lim, H. B., & Fong, K. (2017). Approaches to studying predict academic performance in undergraduate occupational therapy students: a cross-cultural study. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 76-103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0914-3
Bowl, M. (2010). Experiencing the barriers: non-traditional students entering higher education. Research Papers in Education, 16(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520110037410
Burton, K., Lloyd, M. G., & Griffiths, C. (2011). Barriers to learning for mature students studying HE in an FE college. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 35(1), 25–36.
Considine S.H & Zappala D. (2002). Sample selection models of academic performance. http://ei.oxfordjournals.org/. Retrieved on 23rd Dec 2014
Crosnoe, R., Monica, K. J and Glen, H .E .Jr. (2004). School size and the interpersonal side of education: An example of Race/Ethnicity and organizational context. Social Science Quarterly, 85(5) 12-18
Dawborn-Gundlach, L. M. (2015). The experience of transition and adjustment for mature-age, undergraduate students in their first year of university. Melbourne Graduate School of Education. Retrieved from https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/91743
Dawborn-Gundlach, M., & Margetts, K. (2018). Measures of the adjustment of mature-age, undergraduate students to university. Journal of Global Education and Research, 2(1), 17- 32. doi:10.5038/2577-509X.2.1.1014
Dill, P. L., & Henley, T. B. (2010). Stressors of College: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Students. The Journal of Psychology, 132(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599261
Director of Fair Access (2011). Higher education of single and married mothers. Higher Education Research and Development, 12(2) 34-38
Diyaolu, O., & Diyaolu, B. (2018). Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Utilisation of EIRs by Postgraduate Students in Three Selected Universities in South-west Nigeria.
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2105
Dohlman, L., DiMeglio, M., Hajj, J., & Laudanski, K. (2019). Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(7), 1182. doi:10.3390/ijerph16071182
Fragoso, A., GonÇAlves, T., Ribeiro, C. M., Monteiro, R., Quintas, H., Bago, J., … Santos, L. (2013). The transition of mature students to higher education: Challenging traditional concepts? Studies in the Education of Adults, 45(1), 67–81.
Gill, B., Hayes, S., & Senior, C. (2015). The effects of family support and gender on mature student engagement in higher education. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 156.
Green, L., & Celkan, G. (2011). Student demographic characteristics and how they relate to student achievement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 341–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2011.03.098
Güss, C. D., Burger, M. L., & Dörner, D. (2017). The role of motivation in complex problem solving. Frontiers in psychology, 8(3), 851 -903. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00851
Hayat, S. A., Luben, R., Dalzell, N., Moore, S., Anuj, S., Matthews, F. E., … Khaw, K.-T. (2016). Cross Sectional Associations between Socio-Demographic Factors and Cognitive Performance in an Older British Population: The European Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Study. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0166779.
Heagney, M., & Benson, R. (2017). How mature-age students succeed in higher education: implications for institutional support. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 39(3), 216–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2017.1300986
Johnson, M. L., Taasoobshirazi, G., Clark, L., Howell, L., & Breen, M. (2016). Motivations of Traditional and Nontraditional College Students: From Self-Determination and Attributions, to Expectancy and Values. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 64(1), 3–15.
Kearns, M. (2017). Mature Students’ in Irish Higher Education. In Access and Participation in Irish Higher Education (pp. 177–195). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Kenner, C., & Weinerman, J. (2011). Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 41(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2011.10850344
Khishfe R. & BouJaoude, S. (2016) “Lebanese Students ‘conceptions of and Attitudes towards Science and Related Careers Based On Their Gender and Religious Affiliations,” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education,
Laming, M. M., Martin-Lynch, P., & Morris, A. (2016). Mature-age men’s experiences of higher education: Australia and England compared. a literature review Society for Research into Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.srhe.ac.uk/downloads/Laming_MartinLynch_Morris_Literature_Review_on_ Mature-age_Male_Students.pdf
Lester D. (2013), Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Psychol Rep. 2013 Aug;113(1):1027- 9. PubMed PMID: 24340796.
Mallman, M., & Lee, H. (2016). Stigmatised learners: mature-age students negotiating university culture. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(5), 684–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2014.973017
Mc Cune Shultz F. and Helmut W. (2010). The experience of mature students. Studies in Higher Education, 1(2) 45-48
McCune, V. Hounsell, J. Christie, H. Cree, V. E & Tett, L. (2010) Mature and younger students' reasons for making the transition from further education into higher education. Teaching in higher education, 15 (6), 691-702 DOI: 10.1080/13562517.2010.507303
Messineo, L., Allegra, M., & Seta, L. (2019). Self-reported motivation for choosing nursing studies: a self-determination theory perspective. BMC medical education, 19(1), 192. doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1568-0
Mohammad,Y.H.S and Alhameed,M.A (1988). An evaluation of traditional admission Standards in predicting Kuwait University students’ academic outcomes. Higher education Vol.17, No.2. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Netherlands. Moi University Student Guide Book (6th edition)
Mutonga, K. (2011): Exploring beliefs about academic outcomes achievement. The Education Journal. Vol. 2: pp. 57 New Vision 77
Mutuku, S. C. & Kiilu, M. R. (2016). Influence of demographic factors on academic performance among primary teacher trainees - a case study of Machakos Teachers College. International Journal of Educational Studies, 3(1), 07-11. Retrieved from https://escijournals.net/index.php/IJES/article/view/1394
Nuzhat, A., Salem, R. O., Hamdan, N. Al, & Ashour, N. (2013). Gender differences in learning styles and academic performance of medical students in Saudi Arabia. Medical Teacher, 35(sup1), S78–S82. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.765545
O'Carroll, J., Ennis, C., Loscher, K., Ryan, D. and Dixon, N. (2017) Strategies for Enhancing the Mature Student Experience in Higher Education. Dublin Institute of Technology.
O'Shea, S. & Stone, C. (2011). Transformations and self-discovery: mature-age women’s reflections on returning to university study. Studies in Continuing Education, 33 (3), 273- 288.
Peffer, P. A. L. (2011). Demographics of an Undergraduate Animal Sciences Course and the Influence of Gender and Major on Course Performance. NACTA Journal. North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture (NACTA). https://doi.org/10.2307/nactajournal.55.1.26
Rabourn, K. E., BrckaLorenz, A., & Shoup, R. (2018). Reimagining Student Engagement: How Nontraditional Adult Learners Engage in Traditional Postsecondary Environments. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 66(1), 22–33.
Rovers, J., Japs, K., Truong, E., & Shah, Y. (2016). Motivations, barriers and ethical understandings of healthcare student volunteers on a medical service trip: a mixed methods study. BMC medical education, 16, 94. doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0618-0
Salem, R. O., Al-Mously, N., Nabil, N. M., Al-Zalabani, A. H., Al-Dhawi, A. F., & Al-Hamdan, N. (2013). Academic and socio-demographic factors influencing students’ performance in a new Saudi medical school. Medical Teacher, 35(sup1), S83–S89. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.765551
Schwartz, M. (2013). Predictors of student satisfaction. Retrieved from http://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/lt/programs/new_faculty/2014/Predictors_Student_Satis faction.pdf
Sommerville, T., & Singaram, V. S. (2018). Exploring demographic influences on students’ academic performance over a five-year programme. South African Journal of Higher Education, 32(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.20853/32-2-2054
Swain, J., & Hammond, C. (2011). The motivations and outcomes of studying for part-time mature students in higher education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 30(5), 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2011.579736
Taormina R & Gao JH. 2013) Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: measuring satisfaction of the needs. Am J Psychol. 2013 Summer;126(2):155-77. PubMed PMID: 23858951
UniversitiesUK. (2019). Higher education in facts and figures 2018. London. Retrieved from https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/facts-and-stats/data-and-analysis/Documents/higher- education-in-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf
Vanderstel, A. (2014). The Impact of Demographics in Education. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/329
Wood, Colin and Cattell, Chris (2014) The Motivations and Outcomes of Studying for Part-time Mature Students Completing Higher Education Programmes at Further Education Colleges. In: Research in Post-Compulsory Education Inaugural International Research Conference, 11th - 13th July 2014, Harris Manchester College, Oxford, UK.
Wouters, A., Croiset, G., Isik, U., & Kusurkar, R. A. (2017). Motivation of Dutch high school students from various backgrounds for applying to study medicine: a qualitative study. BMJ open, 7(5), e014779. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014779
Wyatt, L. G. (2011). Nontraditional Student Engagement: Increasing Adult Student Success and Retention. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 59(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2011.544977
Published
2019-09-28
How to Cite
Karinga, M. P., Justus, K. N., & Zachary, N. (2019). ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF MATURE AGE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 1(9), 34 - 47. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/55
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