CONTRIBUTION OF DISABILITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURAL PRACTICES TO EMPLOYMENT INCLUSIVITY OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN 4-5 STAR HOTELS IN MOMBASA CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Abstract
Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to to determine the contribution of disability infrastructural and super structural practices on employment inclusivity of PWDs among 4-5 star hotels in Mombasa City County Kenya.
Problem Statement: More than one billion, or 15%, of PWDs are disproportionately excluded from the workforce globally; by 2030, that number is estimated to rise by 3.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 2.9%. PWDs employment rates average 44% against 75% (WHO, 2020). The hospitality business faces difficulties in hiring PWDs because it is a labour-intensive sector that requires able-bodied human resources.
Methodology: A mixed research design was used. The study was underpinned by the theory of change, social oppression theory and the resource-based theory of competitive advantage. The target population was 106 participants from selected hotels and organizations in charge of disability persons;16 general managers, 16 HRM managers, 32 F&B managers, 16 executive housekeepers, 16 front office managers,1 county PWDs regional coordinator, 1 skills development and placement officer from the MLSP, Mombasa county and 8 PWDs. The sample size comprised of all the 106 participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and observation methods.
Result: The findings revealed that infrastructural and super structural practices had a moderate effect on PWDs employment inclusivity (r= 0.350, p=0.004) Multiple regression analysis was carried out. The results produced insignificant results (B=.114, p=.242), and thus infrastructural and super-structural practices do not predict employment inclusivity.
Recommendation: Hotels should enhance their disability mainstreaming efforts by prioritizing the development and implementation of comprehensive health and safety policies that encourage disability inclusion. This includes establishing proper job-matching programs tailored to the skills and capabilities of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and introducing mentorship initiatives to provide consistent support and guidance for PWD employees.
Keywords: Disability Inclusion, Employment Inclusivity, Infrastructure Practices, Superstructural Practices, Hospitality Industry Kenya
References
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Anderson, A. H., Stephenson, J., Carter, M., Carlon S. A. (2019). Systematic Literature Review of Empirical Research on Postsecondary Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 49(4), 1531-1558
Anderson, A.M., & Butt, (2021). Disability disadvantage: Experimental evidence of hiring discrimination against wheelchair users. European Sociological Review, 37(5), 818–833
Bellucci, M., Biggeri, M., Nitti, C., & Terenzi, L. (2022). Accounting for disability and work inclusion in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 98, 103526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103526
Bialik, K., & Mhiri, M. (2022). Barriers to employment for people with intellectual disabilities in low- and middle-income countries: Self-advocate and family perspectives. Journal of International Development, 34(5), 988-1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3659
Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C.E., Gellatly, I.R., Jetha, A. & Ginis. K.A.M. (2020). The participation of people with disabilities in the workplace across the employment cycle: employer concerns and research evidence. J Bus Psychol, 35(2), 135-158
Bruyère, S., Erickson, W., & VanLooy, S. (2020). HR’s role in managing disability in the workplace. Employment Relations Today, Autumn, 47-66. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37151884_HR's_Role_in_Managing_Disability_in_the_Workplace (Retrieved on 8th Sep. 2024)
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021). Persons with a disability: Labor force characteristics — 2020. Available at https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/disabl.pdf (Retrieved on 18th Aug. 2024)
Calheiros, F. (2020). Inclusive tourism: A priority for Portugal. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes inclusive employment – Are the current approaches deep enough? Journal of International Development, 34(5), 942–963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3692
Chan, F., Tansey, T. N., Iwanaga, K., Bezyak, J., Wehman, P., Phillips, B. N., & Anderson, C. (2020). Company Characteristics, Disability Inclusion Practices, and Employment of People with Disabilities in the Post COVID-19. Job Economy: A Cross Sectional Survey Study. J Occup Rehabil, 2;31(3):463–473.
Dalagan, S., Sormaz, Ü., Akdağ, G. & Çınar, Z. (2020). Are prejudices obstacle to the employment of disabled individuals? Example of food and beverage services field. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, (4), 554-564
Elkhwesky, Z., Salem, I. E., & Barakat, M. (2022). Diversity management in hotels: The moderating role of empowerment and capability development. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 2(2), 166-185.
Garba, A. G., Dawha, M. J., & Sini, K. L. (2020). Technical Vocational Education and Training Institutions and Industry Collaboration: Analysis of Benefits, Strategies and Challenges. ATBU Journal of Science, Technology and Education, 7(4), 324-330.
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International Labour Organization (ILO). (2019). Decent work for persons with disabilities: Promoting rights in the global development agenda. Available at www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ifp_skills/documents/ publication/wcms_430935.pdf (Retrieved on 20th Oct. 2024)
Jones, M. (2022). Covid-19 and the labour market outcomes of disabled people in the UK. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114637.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), (2020). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume I Population by County and Sub County. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
KNCHR, (2014). From norm to practice a status report on implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities in Kenya. Nairobi: KNCHR. Available at https://www.knchr.org/Portals/0/Reports/Disability%20Report.pdf (Retrieved on 20th Oct. 2024)
Koburtay, T., Syed, J., &Haloub, R. (2020). Implications of Religion, Culture, and Legislation for Gender Equality at Work: Qualitative Insights from Jordan. Journal of Business Ethics, 164 , 421–436. doi : 10.1007/s10551-018-4036-6
Kothari, C.R. (2004) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. 2nd Edition. New Age International Publishers: New Delhi.
Lim, J.E. (2020). Understanding the Discrimination Experienced by Customers with Disabilities in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The Case of Seoul in South Korea. Sustainability, 12(18), 7328
Maclean, N. (2021). Factors which Facilitate a State-Owned Enterprise in the Western Cape, to Recruit Persons with Disabilities to meet Employment Equity Targets. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
Madera, J.M., Taylor, D.C., & Barber, N. A. (2019). Customer service evaluations of employees with disabilities: The roles of perceived competence and service failure. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 61(1), 5-18
Malaguti, E. (2019): Agenda 2030, social and work inclusion even for people with intellectual disability: ecological social and human approach, Open Journal perlaformazione in rete, 321-332
Mor, B. M. E., (2022). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Mose, V. (2021). Tightening Affirmative Action on Employment of Persons with Disabilities. Available at http://kippra.or.ke (Retrieved on 12th Oct. 2024)
Mugadia, M. (2020). Hope for Persons with Disabilities amid Looming Recession in Employment. Available at https://www.andy.or.ke/economic-empowerment/hope-for-persons-with-disabilities-amid-looming-recession-in-employment (Retrieved on 12th Aug. 2024)
Mugenda, A. & Mugenda, O. (2013). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Nairobi: ACTS Press.
Saarinen, J. (Ed.). (2020). Tourism and sustainable development goals: Research on sustainable tourism geographies. Routledge.
Schlumberger, M., Schuster, P., Eichinger, M., Mayer, P., Mayr, R., Immendörfer, M., Richter, J. (2020). Posterior cruciate ligament lesions are mainly present as combined lesions even in sports injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 28(7), 2091-2098.
Schuster, J., (2021). The role of international organisations and non-state actors in the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and inclusive education. Published Ph.D. thesis. Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie der Freien Universität Berlin. Available at https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/33629/Dissertation_Schuster.pdf;jsessionid=63AE8B017B9C6F5D2AED51CBE7470654?sequence=3 (Retrieved on 10th Aug. 2024)
Shaw, J., Bharadwaj, S., Chandrasekharan, A., &Dheerjaj forthcoming (2022). Pathways to scaling social inclusion innovation through PAR. In S. Kindon, R. Pain, & M. Kesby (Eds.), Critically Engaging Participatory Action Research, (2024). Routledge. ISBN9780429400346
Shaw, J., Wickenden, M., Thompson, S., & Mader P., (2022). Achieving disability inclusive employment – Are the current approaches deep enough?. Journal of International Development, 34(5), 942-963
Thompson, Stephen (2020). Bangladesh Situational Analysis for Inclusion Works. the Institute of Development Studies and partner organisations. Available at. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413/15483 (Retrieved on 10th Aug. 2024)
Tourism Data Bank, (2021). Available at https://www.turizmdatabank.com/ (Retrieved on 10th Aug. 2024)
Tourism Regulatory Authority, (2018). Enhancing Hospitality & Tourism Standards In Kenya. Available at tourismauthority.go.ke/index.php/resource centre/news (Retrieved on 12th Oct. 2024)
Turner, P & Turner, S. (2009). Triangulation in practice. Virtual Reality. 13. 171-181. 10.1007/s10055-009-0117-2.
Uji, A., Prakash, A., & Song, J. (2021). Does the “NIMBY syndrome” undermine public support for nuclear power in Japan? Energy Policy, 148, 111-944, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111944.
UNESCO, (2017). Better Education for Africa’s Rise II Project 2017-2021. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Available at https://www.unesco.org/en/skills-work-life/bear-project/phases1-2 (Retrieved on 16th Jul. 2024).
United Nations (UN), (2021). Disability inclusion strategy. Available at www.un.org/ en/content/disabilitystrategy/ (Retrieved on 16th Jul. 2024).
WHO. (2021). Disability Inclusion. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability (Retrieved on 12th Aug. 2024).
Wickenden, M., Shaw, J., Thompson, S., & Rohwerder, B. (2021). Lives turned upside down in COVID times: exploring disabled people's experiences in 5 low-and-middle income countries using narrative interviews. In Special Issue: Disability and covid-19. Disability Studies Quarterly, 41(3), 1–28.
World Employment Social Outlook (2022). World Employment and Social Outlook, (1), 5-10.
World Health Organization (2021). World report on hearing. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240020481 (Retrieved on 2nd July 2024).
Zakaria, N. A., Mat Noor, S., Mohamed Rani, Z., MohdAkhir, I., Rozekhi, N. A., Abd Hakim, F., &Md Tahir, N. (2020). Assessing acceptance of service staff towards employee with disability in hotel industry. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4, 132–144
Anand, P., & Sevak, P. (2017). The Role of Workplace Accommodations in the Employment of People with Disabilities. IZA Journal of Labor Policy. vol 6, (12)
Anderson, A. H., Stephenson, J., Carter, M., Carlon S. A. (2019). Systematic Literature Review of Empirical Research on Postsecondary Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 49(4), 1531-1558
Anderson, A.M., & Butt, (2021). Disability disadvantage: Experimental evidence of hiring discrimination against wheelchair users. European Sociological Review, 37(5), 818–833
Bellucci, M., Biggeri, M., Nitti, C., & Terenzi, L. (2022). Accounting for disability and work inclusion in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 98, 103526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103526
Bialik, K., & Mhiri, M. (2022). Barriers to employment for people with intellectual disabilities in low- and middle-income countries: Self-advocate and family perspectives. Journal of International Development, 34(5), 988-1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3659
Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C.E., Gellatly, I.R., Jetha, A. & Ginis. K.A.M. (2020). The participation of people with disabilities in the workplace across the employment cycle: employer concerns and research evidence. J Bus Psychol, 35(2), 135-158
Bruyère, S., Erickson, W., & VanLooy, S. (2020). HR’s role in managing disability in the workplace. Employment Relations Today, Autumn, 47-66. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37151884_HR's_Role_in_Managing_Disability_in_the_Workplace (Retrieved on 8th Sep. 2024)
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021). Persons with a disability: Labor force characteristics — 2020. Available at https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/disabl.pdf (Retrieved on 18th Aug. 2024)
Calheiros, F. (2020). Inclusive tourism: A priority for Portugal. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes inclusive employment – Are the current approaches deep enough? Journal of International Development, 34(5), 942–963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3692
Chan, F., Tansey, T. N., Iwanaga, K., Bezyak, J., Wehman, P., Phillips, B. N., & Anderson, C. (2020). Company Characteristics, Disability Inclusion Practices, and Employment of People with Disabilities in the Post COVID-19. Job Economy: A Cross Sectional Survey Study. J Occup Rehabil, 2;31(3):463–473.
Dalagan, S., Sormaz, Ü., Akdağ, G. & Çınar, Z. (2020). Are prejudices obstacle to the employment of disabled individuals? Example of food and beverage services field. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, (4), 554-564
Elkhwesky, Z., Salem, I. E., & Barakat, M. (2022). Diversity management in hotels: The moderating role of empowerment and capability development. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 2(2), 166-185.
Garba, A. G., Dawha, M. J., & Sini, K. L. (2020). Technical Vocational Education and Training Institutions and Industry Collaboration: Analysis of Benefits, Strategies and Challenges. ATBU Journal of Science, Technology and Education, 7(4), 324-330.
Genc, V. & Akoglan Kozak, M. (2020). Emotional and Social Competence in the Aestheticization of Labor in the Restaurant Industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32 (3), 1201-1225
GoK. (2008). Vision 2030, A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya’s Nairobi: Government Press. MoE. (2019). Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2019, A Policy Framework for Reforming. Nairobi: Government Press
GoK. (2010). The Constitution of Kenya. Nairobi: Government Press
Howard, J., Burns, D., & Ospina, S. (2021). SAGE Handbook of Participatory Research and Inquiry. SAGE. ISBN: 9781526440501
Howleder, M. M. (2020). The Impact of Diversity Workforce on the Company Work Performance. A Case Study of Diversity Workforce in Silom, Bangkok, Thailand. Available at https://e-research.siam.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2019/04/IMBA-2018-IS-the-impact-of-diversity-workforceon-the-company-work-performance-a-case-study-of-diversity-workforce-insilom-bangkok-thailand-compresses.pdf (Retrieved on 23rd May 2024)
ILO. (2020). Labour Market Statistics on Persons with Disabilities. Available at https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/disability-&-work/WCMS_569088/lang--en/index.htm (Retrieved on 3rd Jun. 2024)
International Disability Alliance (IDA) and Christian Blind Mission (CBM). (2020). Disability data advocacy toolkit. Stakeholder Group of Persons with Disability for Sustainable Development. Available at 2020cbm-global.org/wp-content/ ploads/2020/11/DisabilityData_advocacytoolkit_accessible.pdf (Retrieved on 3rd Jun. 2024)
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2019). Decent work for persons with disabilities: Promoting rights in the global development agenda. Available at www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ifp_skills/documents/ publication/wcms_430935.pdf (Retrieved on 20th Oct. 2024)
Jones, M. (2022). Covid-19 and the labour market outcomes of disabled people in the UK. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114637.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), (2020). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume I Population by County and Sub County. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
KNCHR, (2014). From norm to practice a status report on implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities in Kenya. Nairobi: KNCHR. Available at https://www.knchr.org/Portals/0/Reports/Disability%20Report.pdf (Retrieved on 20th Oct. 2024)
Koburtay, T., Syed, J., &Haloub, R. (2020). Implications of Religion, Culture, and Legislation for Gender Equality at Work: Qualitative Insights from Jordan. Journal of Business Ethics, 164 , 421–436. doi : 10.1007/s10551-018-4036-6
Kothari, C.R. (2004) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. 2nd Edition. New Age International Publishers: New Delhi.
Lim, J.E. (2020). Understanding the Discrimination Experienced by Customers with Disabilities in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The Case of Seoul in South Korea. Sustainability, 12(18), 7328
Maclean, N. (2021). Factors which Facilitate a State-Owned Enterprise in the Western Cape, to Recruit Persons with Disabilities to meet Employment Equity Targets. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
Madera, J.M., Taylor, D.C., & Barber, N. A. (2019). Customer service evaluations of employees with disabilities: The roles of perceived competence and service failure. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 61(1), 5-18
Malaguti, E. (2019): Agenda 2030, social and work inclusion even for people with intellectual disability: ecological social and human approach, Open Journal perlaformazione in rete, 321-332
Mor, B. M. E., (2022). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Mose, V. (2021). Tightening Affirmative Action on Employment of Persons with Disabilities. Available at http://kippra.or.ke (Retrieved on 12th Oct. 2024)
Mugadia, M. (2020). Hope for Persons with Disabilities amid Looming Recession in Employment. Available at https://www.andy.or.ke/economic-empowerment/hope-for-persons-with-disabilities-amid-looming-recession-in-employment (Retrieved on 12th Aug. 2024)
Mugenda, A. & Mugenda, O. (2013). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Nairobi: ACTS Press.
Saarinen, J. (Ed.). (2020). Tourism and sustainable development goals: Research on sustainable tourism geographies. Routledge.
Schlumberger, M., Schuster, P., Eichinger, M., Mayer, P., Mayr, R., Immendörfer, M., Richter, J. (2020). Posterior cruciate ligament lesions are mainly present as combined lesions even in sports injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 28(7), 2091-2098.
Schuster, J., (2021). The role of international organisations and non-state actors in the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and inclusive education. Published Ph.D. thesis. Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie der Freien Universität Berlin. Available at https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/33629/Dissertation_Schuster.pdf;jsessionid=63AE8B017B9C6F5D2AED51CBE7470654?sequence=3 (Retrieved on 10th Aug. 2024)
Shaw, J., Bharadwaj, S., Chandrasekharan, A., &Dheerjaj forthcoming (2022). Pathways to scaling social inclusion innovation through PAR. In S. Kindon, R. Pain, & M. Kesby (Eds.), Critically Engaging Participatory Action Research, (2024). Routledge. ISBN9780429400346
Shaw, J., Wickenden, M., Thompson, S., & Mader P., (2022). Achieving disability inclusive employment – Are the current approaches deep enough?. Journal of International Development, 34(5), 942-963
Thompson, Stephen (2020). Bangladesh Situational Analysis for Inclusion Works. the Institute of Development Studies and partner organisations. Available at. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413/15483 (Retrieved on 10th Aug. 2024)
Tourism Data Bank, (2021). Available at https://www.turizmdatabank.com/ (Retrieved on 10th Aug. 2024)
Tourism Regulatory Authority, (2018). Enhancing Hospitality & Tourism Standards In Kenya. Available at tourismauthority.go.ke/index.php/resource centre/news (Retrieved on 12th Oct. 2024)
Turner, P & Turner, S. (2009). Triangulation in practice. Virtual Reality. 13. 171-181. 10.1007/s10055-009-0117-2.
Uji, A., Prakash, A., & Song, J. (2021). Does the “NIMBY syndrome” undermine public support for nuclear power in Japan? Energy Policy, 148, 111-944, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111944.
UNESCO, (2017). Better Education for Africa’s Rise II Project 2017-2021. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Available at https://www.unesco.org/en/skills-work-life/bear-project/phases1-2 (Retrieved on 16th Jul. 2024).
United Nations (UN), (2021). Disability inclusion strategy. Available at www.un.org/ en/content/disabilitystrategy/ (Retrieved on 16th Jul. 2024).
WHO. (2021). Disability Inclusion. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability (Retrieved on 12th Aug. 2024).
Wickenden, M., Shaw, J., Thompson, S., & Rohwerder, B. (2021). Lives turned upside down in COVID times: exploring disabled people's experiences in 5 low-and-middle income countries using narrative interviews. In Special Issue: Disability and covid-19. Disability Studies Quarterly, 41(3), 1–28.
World Employment Social Outlook (2022). World Employment and Social Outlook, (1), 5-10.
World Health Organization (2021). World report on hearing. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240020481 (Retrieved on 2nd July 2024).
Zakaria, N. A., Mat Noor, S., Mohamed Rani, Z., MohdAkhir, I., Rozekhi, N. A., Abd Hakim, F., &Md Tahir, N. (2020). Assessing acceptance of service staff towards employee with disability in hotel industry. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4, 132–144
Published
2025-01-09
How to Cite
Benard, B., Wandolo, M. A., & Kariuki, A. C. (2025). CONTRIBUTION OF DISABILITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURAL PRACTICES TO EMPLOYMENT INCLUSIVITY OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN 4-5 STAR HOTELS IN MOMBASA CITY COUNTY, KENYA. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 7(1), 23 - 38. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/743
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