PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO PARENTAL ENGAGEMENT AND RESOURCE PROVISION IN CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION
Abstract
Background: The competency-based curriculum has provided opportunities for engaging and empowering parents so that they can contribute to the learning outcomes for their children at all levels of basic education. There has been a growing assumption that teachers are the key-stakeholders in curriculum implementation. However, the reality on the ground is that curriculum implementation is a holistic process that requires all stakeholders to play their active roles. Parents are an integral part of a child’s holistic growth and development at all levels. Therefore, it is imperative to build and strengthen their capacity to handle and deal with the needs of their children in and out of school premises. Parents have a shared responsibility with schools to provide an enabling environment which motivates the child to achieve their full potential.
Study Objective: This article attempts to discuss the impact of desirable involvement by parents in the curriculum adoption, implementation and evaluation process. Using the involvement theory, the article aims at showing how parent’s inputs, environment and outcomes positively impact on the successful implementation of a curriculum. Engagement is the interactive involvement of parents in the learning process and holistic development of their children.
Findings: This article shows that parents’ involvement can be qualitative or quantitative in nature and should not be ignored at the expense of entrusting teachers and learners with the process of curriculum implementation. The article discusses the possible reasons for the lack of adequate participation by parents and offers possible solutions.
Key Words: Practical Approaches, Parental Engagement, Resource Provision, Curriculum and Implementation
References
Ali, M. (2012). The shadow of colonialism on relations between immigrant parents and their children’s teachers. Alberta Journal of Education, 53(2), 198-215.
Alsheikh, N. O., Parameswaran, G., &Ethoweris, H. (2010). Parenting style, self-esteem and student performance in the United Arab Emirates. Current Issues in Education, 13(1).
Anfara, V. A., & Mertens S. B. (2008). Varieties of Parent Involvement in Schooling. Middle School Journal, 39(3), 58-64
Anyikwa, N., & Obidike, N. (2012). Mothers’ constructions of their roles in the literacy education of their children. Africa Development, 36(3), 57-67.
Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers' parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family issues, 22(8), 944-972.
Ayoo, S.J. (2002). Factors affecting students’ performance in K.C.S.E Examination in public secondary schools in Masons division. MED project University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Badenhorst, D.C. (1992). School Management. The Task and Roles of the Teacher. Pretoria. De Jager, HAUM
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In. VS Ramachaudran. Encyclopedia of human behavior, 4, 71-81.
Carl, A. E. (1995).Teacher Empowerment through Curriculum Development: Theory Into Practice. Cape Town Juta.
Chan, W. (1995). The impact of the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) on a secondary school in Hong Kong Dissertation University of Hong Kong.
Cheeks, M. (2012). The impact of learning centers as a parent-involvement aid to improve student success www.ccsenet.org/jel Journal of Education and Learning 3(1); 2014 Doctor of Education Dissertation. Nova Southeastern University Florida: Abraham S. Fischler School of Education.
Chen, W. B., & Gregory, A. (2010). Parental involvement as a protective factor during the transition to high school. The Journal of Educational Research, 103(1), 53-62.
Christenson, S.L. (2004). “The family school partnership: an opportunity promote the learning competence of all student Psychology Review 33(1)83-104
Colley, B. M. (2014). Voices from the Gambia: parents' perspectives on their involvement in their children's education. Childhood Education, 90(3), 212-218.
Crozier, G., & Reay, D. (Eds.). (2005). Activating participation: Mothers, fathers and teachers working towards partnership. VA: Stylus Publishing
Curriculum for Excellence. (2010). Curriculum for excellence in action: Bringing life to learning and learning to life. Retrieved in April 18, 2019, from http://www.curriculumforexcellenceScotland.gov.uk
Daniel, G. R., Wang, C., &Berthelsen, D. (2016). Early school-based parent involvement, children’s self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An Australian longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 168-177.
DeHass, A. G. (2005). Facilitating parent involvement: Reflecting on effective teacher education. Teaching and Learning-Grand Forks-, 19, 57.
Dekker, E. I., & Lemmer, E. M. (1993). Critical Issues in Modern Education. Durban: Butterworths
Department for Education. (2010). The school curriculum. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www.education.gov.uk/ schools/teaching and learning/curriculum
Deslandes, R. (Ed.). (2009). International perspectives on contexts, communities and evaluated innovative practices: family-school-community partnerships. Routledge.
Deslandes, R., & Bertrand, R. (2005). Motivation of parent involvement in secondary-level schooling. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(3), 164-175.
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., & Van Voorhis, F. (2002). School, community, and community partnerships: Your Handbook for Action (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., & Van Voorhis, F. (2010). School, community, and community partnerships: Caring for the children We Share: When Schools Form Partnerships with Families and Community, the children Benefit. These Guidelines for Building Partnerships Can Make It Happen. Phi Delta Kappa, 92 (3)81.
Esu, A. E. O. (2005). Capacity building curriculum in Nigeria. Journal of the World Council for Curriculum and Instruction, 5(2), 1-7.
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental Involvement and Student’s Academic Achievement: A Metaanalysis Educational Psychology Review, 13 (1), 1-22
Francis, B. (2011). “(Un) satisfactory?” Enhancing life chances by improving satisfactory schools. London: RSA
Froiland, J. M. & Onos, E., Smith, L.,& Hirchert, T. (2012). Intrinsic Motivation to learn: The nexus between psychological health and academic success. Contemporary School psychology: Formerly. The California School Psychologist, 16(1) 91-100
Gatawa, B. S. M. (1990). The politics of the school curriculum: An introduction. Harare: Jongwe Press.
Gonzalez-Mena, J. (2011). Foundations of early childhood education: Teaching children in a diverse setting. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Goodall, J., & Vorhaus, J. (2011). Review of best practice in parental engagement. Research Report DFE-RR156 London: Department for Education.
Griffiths, A. & Hamilton, D. (1984) Parent, Teacher, Child: Working Together on Children Leaning. London, Methuen
Grolnick, L.S., & SM. L. (1994). Parent Involvement in Children’s Schooling: A Multidimensional Model Child Development, Child Development Journal, 65(1), 237 252
Henderson, A. T., & Berla, N. (1997). A new generation of evidence: The family is critical to student achievement. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Education.
Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2009). Parental involvement in middle school: a meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. Developmental psychology, 45(3), 740.
Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., Battiato, A. C., Walker, J. M., Reed, R. P., DeJong, J. M., & Jonas, K.P. (2001). Parental Involvement in Home Work. Educational Psychologists, 36(3), 195-209
Hornby, G. (2011). Parental Involvement in Childhood Education: Building Effective School Family Partnerships. Springer Science and Business Media
Hornby, G., & Lafaele, R. (2011). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An explanatory model. Educational Review, 63(1), 37-52.
Houtenville, A. J., & Conway, K. S. (2008). Parental effort, school resources, and student achievement. Journal of Human resources, 43(2), 437-453.
Ibrahim, A. T., & Jamil, H. B. (2012). The Nature of Parental Involvement in the Schooling Process in Katsina State. Journal of Education and Learning, 1(2), 37.
Jeynes, W.H. (2005). “Effects of parental involvement and family structure on academic achievement of Adolescent “Marriage and family review 37(3); 99-115.
Jones, K. P. (2001). Parental involvement in homework. Educational psychologist, 36(3), 195-209.
Karanja, J.K. (2005). Factors influencing students performance in Kenya Certificate of Primary Examinations in Kajiado District. M.E.D project University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Kibera, L.W., & Kimokoti, A. (2002). Fundamentals of sociology of education with reference to Africa. University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Kindiki, J. (2009). Effectiveness of boards of governors in curriculum implementation in secondary schools in Kenya. Educational Research and Reviews, 4(5), 260- 266.
Kocayörük, E., &Şimşek, Ö. F. (2016). Parental Attachment and Adolescents' Perception of School Alienation: The Mediation Role of Self-Esteem and Adjustment. The Journal of psychology, 150(4), 405-421.
Marsh, C. J. (1992). Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum. London: The FALMER Press.
Miller, A. (2002). Parents and pupils causal attributions for difficult classroom behavior British Journal of Education Psychology72 (1)27-40
Morrison, G. S. (2007). Early childhood education today. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
Mulei, E. (2012). Home based factors influencing Kenya Certificate of Primary Education examination performance in public primary schools in Yatta division, Kenya masters project University of Nairobi.
Nguru, (1986). Analysis of factors that influence the achievement of primary education objectives. Bureau of educational research,. Kenyatta University, Nairobi
Nnadozie, J. C. (2004). Evaluating curriculum relevance in Nigeria’s educational system. In H. O. N. Bosah, C.
Nyakoni, J. (2012). Influence of parental involvement on children achievement in number work activities in selected schools in Kiogoro division, Kisii County (University of Nairobi)
Olmstead, C. (2013). Using technology to increase parent involvement in schools. Tech Trends, 57(6), 28-37.
Ornstei n, A., & Hunkins, F. (1998). Curriculum: Foundations, principle and issues. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Patrikakou, E. N., & Anderson, A. R. (Eds.). (2005). School-family partnerships for children' success. Teachers College Press.
Patrikakou, E. N., &Weissberg, R. P. (2000). Parents’ perceptions of teacher outreach and parent involvement in children’s education. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 20(1-2). 103-119.
Pomerantz, E. M., Moorman, E. A., &Litwack, S. D. (2007). The how, whom, and why ofparents’ involvement in children’s academic lives: More is not always better. Review of educational research, 77(3), 373-410.
Powden, B. (2003). Powden report: children and their school. HMSO published London
Radd, T. (1993). Restructuring parent-teacher organizations to increase parental inf1uence on the educational process. Elementally School Guidance and Counse1ling, 27(4).
Reed, R. P., JANG (2006). Parents’ motivations for involvement in children’s education: Testing a theoretical model. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED444109.
Reynolds, A. J. (1992). Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7(3), 441-462.
Reynolds, J. (2007). Parents’ involvement in their children’s learning and schools: How should their responsibilities relate to the role of the state? Bristol: Policy Press.
RSA Projects. (2010). Engaging the local: The RSA Area Based. Curriculum. London: RSA.
Sanders, M.G., & Epstein, J.L. (1998). School- Family-Community Partnership in Middle and High Schools.
Sapungan, G.M., & Sapungan, R. M. (2014). Parental Involvement in Child’s Education: Importance, Barriers and Benefits. Asian Journal of Management Science and Education, 3(2), 23-43.
Scott, S., & Sylva, K. (2004). The SPOKES project: Supporting parents on kids’ education. Researcher’ summary. In D. Quinton (Ed.), Supporting Parents: Messages from Research. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Smith, J., Wohlstetter, P., Kuzin, C. A., & De Pedro, K. (2011). Parent involvement in urban charter schools: New strategies for increasing participation. School Community Journal, 21(1), 71.
Sohn, S., & Wang, X. C. (2006). Immigrant parents’ involvement in American schools: Perspectives from Korean mothers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34(2), 125-132.
Sowell, E. (2000). Chapter 1: Overview of curriculum processes and products. In Curriculum: An integrative introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Stancy, M. (1991). Parents and Teachers Together, Philadelphia: Open University Press
Strickland, S. C. (2015). The Effects of Parental Motivations on Home-Based and School Based Parental Involvement.
Tanner, D., & Tanner, L. (1995). Curriculum development: Theory into practice (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Merrill.
Thomas, L. (2012). Re-thinking the importance of teaching: Curriculum and collaboration in an era of localism. London: RSA
UNICEF. (2009). Chapter 4: School and community child friendly schools. Retrieved April 18, 2019, from http://www.unicef.org/devpro/files/CF5Manual_ch04_052009.pdf
University of Zimbabwe. (1995). Curriculum implementation, change and innovation. (Module EA3AD 303). Harare: Centre for Distance Education, University of Zimbabwe.
Van Schalkwyk, O. J. (1988). The Education System: Theory and Practice. Pretoria: Alkanto Publishers
Werf, G., Creemers, B., & Guldemond, H. (2001). Improving parental involvement in primary education in Indonesia: Implementation, effects and costs. School effectiveness and school improvement, 12(4), 447-466.
Wilder, S. (2014). Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement: a meta synthesis. Educational Review, 66(3), 377-397.
Williams, B., Williams, J., & Ullman, A. (2002). Parental Involvement in Education. London: Queen’s Printer
Yoder, J. R., & Lopez, A (2013). Parental Perceptions of Involvement in Children’s Education: Finding’s From a Qualitative Study of Public Housing Residents. Child and Adolescents Social Work Journal (30(5), 415-433
Alsheikh, N. O., Parameswaran, G., &Ethoweris, H. (2010). Parenting style, self-esteem and student performance in the United Arab Emirates. Current Issues in Education, 13(1).
Anfara, V. A., & Mertens S. B. (2008). Varieties of Parent Involvement in Schooling. Middle School Journal, 39(3), 58-64
Anyikwa, N., & Obidike, N. (2012). Mothers’ constructions of their roles in the literacy education of their children. Africa Development, 36(3), 57-67.
Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers' parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family issues, 22(8), 944-972.
Ayoo, S.J. (2002). Factors affecting students’ performance in K.C.S.E Examination in public secondary schools in Masons division. MED project University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Badenhorst, D.C. (1992). School Management. The Task and Roles of the Teacher. Pretoria. De Jager, HAUM
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In. VS Ramachaudran. Encyclopedia of human behavior, 4, 71-81.
Carl, A. E. (1995).Teacher Empowerment through Curriculum Development: Theory Into Practice. Cape Town Juta.
Chan, W. (1995). The impact of the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) on a secondary school in Hong Kong Dissertation University of Hong Kong.
Cheeks, M. (2012). The impact of learning centers as a parent-involvement aid to improve student success www.ccsenet.org/jel Journal of Education and Learning 3(1); 2014 Doctor of Education Dissertation. Nova Southeastern University Florida: Abraham S. Fischler School of Education.
Chen, W. B., & Gregory, A. (2010). Parental involvement as a protective factor during the transition to high school. The Journal of Educational Research, 103(1), 53-62.
Christenson, S.L. (2004). “The family school partnership: an opportunity promote the learning competence of all student Psychology Review 33(1)83-104
Colley, B. M. (2014). Voices from the Gambia: parents' perspectives on their involvement in their children's education. Childhood Education, 90(3), 212-218.
Crozier, G., & Reay, D. (Eds.). (2005). Activating participation: Mothers, fathers and teachers working towards partnership. VA: Stylus Publishing
Curriculum for Excellence. (2010). Curriculum for excellence in action: Bringing life to learning and learning to life. Retrieved in April 18, 2019, from http://www.curriculumforexcellenceScotland.gov.uk
Daniel, G. R., Wang, C., &Berthelsen, D. (2016). Early school-based parent involvement, children’s self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An Australian longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 168-177.
DeHass, A. G. (2005). Facilitating parent involvement: Reflecting on effective teacher education. Teaching and Learning-Grand Forks-, 19, 57.
Dekker, E. I., & Lemmer, E. M. (1993). Critical Issues in Modern Education. Durban: Butterworths
Department for Education. (2010). The school curriculum. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www.education.gov.uk/ schools/teaching and learning/curriculum
Deslandes, R. (Ed.). (2009). International perspectives on contexts, communities and evaluated innovative practices: family-school-community partnerships. Routledge.
Deslandes, R., & Bertrand, R. (2005). Motivation of parent involvement in secondary-level schooling. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(3), 164-175.
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., & Van Voorhis, F. (2002). School, community, and community partnerships: Your Handbook for Action (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., & Van Voorhis, F. (2010). School, community, and community partnerships: Caring for the children We Share: When Schools Form Partnerships with Families and Community, the children Benefit. These Guidelines for Building Partnerships Can Make It Happen. Phi Delta Kappa, 92 (3)81.
Esu, A. E. O. (2005). Capacity building curriculum in Nigeria. Journal of the World Council for Curriculum and Instruction, 5(2), 1-7.
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental Involvement and Student’s Academic Achievement: A Metaanalysis Educational Psychology Review, 13 (1), 1-22
Francis, B. (2011). “(Un) satisfactory?” Enhancing life chances by improving satisfactory schools. London: RSA
Froiland, J. M. & Onos, E., Smith, L.,& Hirchert, T. (2012). Intrinsic Motivation to learn: The nexus between psychological health and academic success. Contemporary School psychology: Formerly. The California School Psychologist, 16(1) 91-100
Gatawa, B. S. M. (1990). The politics of the school curriculum: An introduction. Harare: Jongwe Press.
Gonzalez-Mena, J. (2011). Foundations of early childhood education: Teaching children in a diverse setting. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Goodall, J., & Vorhaus, J. (2011). Review of best practice in parental engagement. Research Report DFE-RR156 London: Department for Education.
Griffiths, A. & Hamilton, D. (1984) Parent, Teacher, Child: Working Together on Children Leaning. London, Methuen
Grolnick, L.S., & SM. L. (1994). Parent Involvement in Children’s Schooling: A Multidimensional Model Child Development, Child Development Journal, 65(1), 237 252
Henderson, A. T., & Berla, N. (1997). A new generation of evidence: The family is critical to student achievement. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Education.
Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2009). Parental involvement in middle school: a meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. Developmental psychology, 45(3), 740.
Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., Battiato, A. C., Walker, J. M., Reed, R. P., DeJong, J. M., & Jonas, K.P. (2001). Parental Involvement in Home Work. Educational Psychologists, 36(3), 195-209
Hornby, G. (2011). Parental Involvement in Childhood Education: Building Effective School Family Partnerships. Springer Science and Business Media
Hornby, G., & Lafaele, R. (2011). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An explanatory model. Educational Review, 63(1), 37-52.
Houtenville, A. J., & Conway, K. S. (2008). Parental effort, school resources, and student achievement. Journal of Human resources, 43(2), 437-453.
Ibrahim, A. T., & Jamil, H. B. (2012). The Nature of Parental Involvement in the Schooling Process in Katsina State. Journal of Education and Learning, 1(2), 37.
Jeynes, W.H. (2005). “Effects of parental involvement and family structure on academic achievement of Adolescent “Marriage and family review 37(3); 99-115.
Jones, K. P. (2001). Parental involvement in homework. Educational psychologist, 36(3), 195-209.
Karanja, J.K. (2005). Factors influencing students performance in Kenya Certificate of Primary Examinations in Kajiado District. M.E.D project University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Kibera, L.W., & Kimokoti, A. (2002). Fundamentals of sociology of education with reference to Africa. University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Kindiki, J. (2009). Effectiveness of boards of governors in curriculum implementation in secondary schools in Kenya. Educational Research and Reviews, 4(5), 260- 266.
Kocayörük, E., &Şimşek, Ö. F. (2016). Parental Attachment and Adolescents' Perception of School Alienation: The Mediation Role of Self-Esteem and Adjustment. The Journal of psychology, 150(4), 405-421.
Marsh, C. J. (1992). Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum. London: The FALMER Press.
Miller, A. (2002). Parents and pupils causal attributions for difficult classroom behavior British Journal of Education Psychology72 (1)27-40
Morrison, G. S. (2007). Early childhood education today. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
Mulei, E. (2012). Home based factors influencing Kenya Certificate of Primary Education examination performance in public primary schools in Yatta division, Kenya masters project University of Nairobi.
Nguru, (1986). Analysis of factors that influence the achievement of primary education objectives. Bureau of educational research,. Kenyatta University, Nairobi
Nnadozie, J. C. (2004). Evaluating curriculum relevance in Nigeria’s educational system. In H. O. N. Bosah, C.
Nyakoni, J. (2012). Influence of parental involvement on children achievement in number work activities in selected schools in Kiogoro division, Kisii County (University of Nairobi)
Olmstead, C. (2013). Using technology to increase parent involvement in schools. Tech Trends, 57(6), 28-37.
Ornstei n, A., & Hunkins, F. (1998). Curriculum: Foundations, principle and issues. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Patrikakou, E. N., & Anderson, A. R. (Eds.). (2005). School-family partnerships for children' success. Teachers College Press.
Patrikakou, E. N., &Weissberg, R. P. (2000). Parents’ perceptions of teacher outreach and parent involvement in children’s education. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 20(1-2). 103-119.
Pomerantz, E. M., Moorman, E. A., &Litwack, S. D. (2007). The how, whom, and why ofparents’ involvement in children’s academic lives: More is not always better. Review of educational research, 77(3), 373-410.
Powden, B. (2003). Powden report: children and their school. HMSO published London
Radd, T. (1993). Restructuring parent-teacher organizations to increase parental inf1uence on the educational process. Elementally School Guidance and Counse1ling, 27(4).
Reed, R. P., JANG (2006). Parents’ motivations for involvement in children’s education: Testing a theoretical model. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED444109.
Reynolds, A. J. (1992). Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7(3), 441-462.
Reynolds, J. (2007). Parents’ involvement in their children’s learning and schools: How should their responsibilities relate to the role of the state? Bristol: Policy Press.
RSA Projects. (2010). Engaging the local: The RSA Area Based. Curriculum. London: RSA.
Sanders, M.G., & Epstein, J.L. (1998). School- Family-Community Partnership in Middle and High Schools.
Sapungan, G.M., & Sapungan, R. M. (2014). Parental Involvement in Child’s Education: Importance, Barriers and Benefits. Asian Journal of Management Science and Education, 3(2), 23-43.
Scott, S., & Sylva, K. (2004). The SPOKES project: Supporting parents on kids’ education. Researcher’ summary. In D. Quinton (Ed.), Supporting Parents: Messages from Research. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Smith, J., Wohlstetter, P., Kuzin, C. A., & De Pedro, K. (2011). Parent involvement in urban charter schools: New strategies for increasing participation. School Community Journal, 21(1), 71.
Sohn, S., & Wang, X. C. (2006). Immigrant parents’ involvement in American schools: Perspectives from Korean mothers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34(2), 125-132.
Sowell, E. (2000). Chapter 1: Overview of curriculum processes and products. In Curriculum: An integrative introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Stancy, M. (1991). Parents and Teachers Together, Philadelphia: Open University Press
Strickland, S. C. (2015). The Effects of Parental Motivations on Home-Based and School Based Parental Involvement.
Tanner, D., & Tanner, L. (1995). Curriculum development: Theory into practice (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Merrill.
Thomas, L. (2012). Re-thinking the importance of teaching: Curriculum and collaboration in an era of localism. London: RSA
UNICEF. (2009). Chapter 4: School and community child friendly schools. Retrieved April 18, 2019, from http://www.unicef.org/devpro/files/CF5Manual_ch04_052009.pdf
University of Zimbabwe. (1995). Curriculum implementation, change and innovation. (Module EA3AD 303). Harare: Centre for Distance Education, University of Zimbabwe.
Van Schalkwyk, O. J. (1988). The Education System: Theory and Practice. Pretoria: Alkanto Publishers
Werf, G., Creemers, B., & Guldemond, H. (2001). Improving parental involvement in primary education in Indonesia: Implementation, effects and costs. School effectiveness and school improvement, 12(4), 447-466.
Wilder, S. (2014). Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement: a meta synthesis. Educational Review, 66(3), 377-397.
Williams, B., Williams, J., & Ullman, A. (2002). Parental Involvement in Education. London: Queen’s Printer
Yoder, J. R., & Lopez, A (2013). Parental Perceptions of Involvement in Children’s Education: Finding’s From a Qualitative Study of Public Housing Residents. Child and Adolescents Social Work Journal (30(5), 415-433
Published
2020-04-02
How to Cite
Piliyesi, S. D. E., Ogada, E. O., & Ochieng, R. J. (2020). PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO PARENTAL ENGAGEMENT AND RESOURCE PROVISION IN CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 2(2), 70 - 95. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/93
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