LEADERSHIP LEGACIES: AN ANALYSIS OF WINSTON CHURCHILL AND NELSON MANDELA
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the self-leadership practices of two significant leaders, Winston Churchill, and Nelson Mandela, and to draw lessons from their experiences for other leaders.
Methodology: The study used a qualitative research method, with a literature review and a case study analysis of Churchill and Mandela. The literature review examined the concept of self-leadership and its role in effective crisis leadership. The case study analysis examined Churchill and Mandela's personal attributes, experiences, and self-leadership practices.
Findings of the study: The study found that Churchill and Mandela exhibited strong self-leadership skills essential to their success as crisis leaders. These skills included: Self-awareness, Self-efficacy, Goal setting, Planning, Problem-solving, Decision-making and Communication.
Conclusion: The study concluded that self-leadership is essential for crisis leaders. Churchill and Mandela could use their self-leadership skills to overcome challenges and achieve great things. The study also found that self-leadership can be learned and developed and that it is an essential skill for any leader who wants to be successful.
Recommendations: The study also recommends that leaders seek opportunities to develop their self-leadership skills through training programs or coaching.
Keywords: Attributes, Behaviour, Self-Leadership, Strategies
References
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Hayward, S. F. (2004). Churchill on leadership: Executive Success in the Face of Adversity.
Hemer, O., & Tufte, T. (2016). Voice + matter: Communication, Development and the Cultural Return.
Hillman, P. (2021). Living beyond yourself.
Jallow, B. (2014). Leadership in Colonial Africa: Disruption of Traditional Frameworks and Patterns. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478092
Johnson, R. W. (2015). How long will South Africa survive? Oxford University Press.
Jones, P. E. (2012). The Visionary Leadership of Nelson Mandela: South Africa's Hero of Liberation. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(2), 45-63.
Kalungu-Banda, M. (2006). Leading like Madiba: Leadership Lessons from Nelson Mandela. Juta and Company Ltd.
Kaye, A. D., Fox, C. J., III, & Urman, R. D. (2012). Operating room leadership and management. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084277
Kellett, A. (2013). Combat motivation: The Behaviour of Soldiers in Battle. Springer Science & Business Media.
Kick, F. (2002). Kick It In: Developing the Self-Motivation to Take The Lead. Instruction+Design Concepts.
Kimber, J., Deery, P., Agutter, K., Beggs-Sunter, A., Bollard, R., Burgmann, V., Byrne, L., Clohesy, L., Cooper, R., Holbrook, C., Irving, N., McConville, C., Newton, D., Oliver, B., Rasmussen, C., Roberts, P., & Thoday, K. (2015). Fighting against war: Peace Activism in the Twentieth Century. Leftbank Press/Australian Society for the Study of Labour History.
Labrecque, E., & Hq, W. (2015). Who was Winston Churchill? National Geographic Books.
Langworth, R. M. (2017). Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality: What He Actually Did and Said. McFarland.
Lieberfeld, D. (2014). Nelson Mandela: Personal Characteristics and Reconciliation-Oriented Leadership. In Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks (pp. 143–167). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478122_7
Lorenzt, S. R., & Institute, A. F. R. (2012). Lorenz on leadership: Lessons on Effectively Leading People, Teams and Organizations. Military Bookshop.
Lyamouri-Bajja, N., Ohana, Y., Markosyan, R., Abukatta, O., Dolejšiová, D., & Vidanovic, A. (2013). Youth transforming conflict. Council of Europe.
Mackay, R. (2002). Half the battle: Civilian Morale in Britain During the Second World War. Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719058936.001.0001
Maddox, M. (2005). God under Howard: The rise of the religious right in Australian politics. Allen & Unwin.
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Mandela, N. (2018). In his own words. Hachette UK.
Mandela, N. (2019). Prison Letters. Liveright Publishing.
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Marques, J., & Dhiman, S. (2016). Leadership today: Practices for Personal and Professional Performance. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67258-4
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McIntyre-Mills, J. (2008). Systemic governance and accountability: Working and Re-Working the Conceptual and Spatial Boundaries. Springer Science & Business Media.
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Meyer, S. (2018). Nelson Mandela: South African president and anti-apartheid activist. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
Monroe, M. (2008). Becoming A Leader. Whitaker House.
Montefiore, S. S. (2008). Speeches that Changed the World: The Words and Stories of the Moments that Made History. Quercus Books.
Muller, J. W. (1999). Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech fifty years later. University of Missouri Press.
Murphy, M. (2010). Hard Goals: The Secret to Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be. McGraw Hill Professional.
Neck, C. P., Stewart, G. L., & Manz, C. C. (1995). Thought Self-Leadership as a Framework for Enhancing the Performance of Performance Appraisers. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 31(3), 278–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886395313004
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Nester, W. (2020). Winston Churchill and the Art of Leadership: How Winston Changed the World. Frontline Books.
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE.
Nsamenang, A. B., & Tchombé, T. M. (2012). Handbook of African Educational Theories and Practices: A Generative Teacher Education Curriculum. HDRC.
O’Brien, E. (1983). Conscience and conflict: A Biography of Sir Dominic Corrigan, 1802-1880.
Okoth-Okombo, D., & Muluka, B. (2011). Challenging the rulers: A Leadership Model for Good Governance. African Books Collective.
Openstax, Bright, D. S., & Cortes, A. H. (2022). Principles of management.
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Packwood, A. (2018). How Churchill waged war: The Most Challenging Decisions of the Second World War. Grub Street Publishers.
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Peters, W. (2017). Leadership lessons: Winston Churchill. New Word City.
Polanyi, K. (2000). The Great Transformation. Amereon Limited.
Politis, J. D. (2006). Self‐leadership behavioural‐focused strategies and team performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(3), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610657721
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Rhoodie, N. J., & Liebenberg, I. (1994). Democratic nation-building in South Africa.
Rodriguez, A. G. G. (2015). Nelson Mandela and the End of Apartheid. Enslow Publishing, LLC.
Rowland, D., & Higgs, M. (2008). Sustaining change: Leadership That Works. John Wiley & Sons
Sampson, A. (2011). Mandela: The Authorised Biography. HarperCollins UK.
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Tutu, D. (2012). No future without forgiveness. Random House.
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Unesco. (2018). Legacies of slavery: a resource book for managers of sites and itineraries of memory. UNESCO Publishing.
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Weiner, D. R. (1999). A little corner of freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Univ of California Press.
Weinstein, S. (2014). B is for Balance: 12 Steps Toward a More Balanced Life at Home and at Work.
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Bankie, B. F. (2008). Pan-Africanism/African nationalism: Strengthening the Unity of Africa and Its Diaspora.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Bauman, Z., & Planning, C. O. E. D. O. P. (2012). Democracy on the precipice: Council of Europe Democracy Debates 2011-12. Council of Europe.
Black, A. B. (2020). The Resilience of Nelson Mandela: An Analysis of Leadership Traits. Journal of Leadership Development, 27(4), 510-525.
Black, M. (1986). The children and the nations: The Story of Unicef.
Bloomfield, D., Barnes, T., & Huyse, L. (2003). Reconciliation after violent conflict: A Handbook.
Blundell, N. (2011). Winston Churchill. Casemate Publishers.
Boehmer, E. (2008). Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192803016.001.0001
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2013). Reframing organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership. John Wiley & Sons.
Braithwaite, J., & D’Costa, B. (2018). Cascades of violence: War, Crime and Peacebuilding Across South Asia. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CV.02.2018
Braithwaite, J., & Drahos, P. (2000). Global Business Regulation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9780521780339
Brown, R. L. (2016). Nelson Mandela: The Legacy of a Visionary Leader. Journal of African History, 38(4), 567-589.
Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2015). Making sense of change management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change. Kogan Page Publishers.
Charles, L. M. (2006). Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1945-60. Basic Books.
Cheema, G. S., & Popovski, V. (2010). Building trust in government: Innovations in Governance Reform in Asia. Trends & Innovations in Govern.
Chun, R., Da Silva, R., Davies, G., & Roper, S. (2005). Corporate reputation and competitiveness. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203218112
Churchill, W. S. (2013). Churchill by himself: In His Own Words. Rosetta Books
Cohen, E. A. (2012). Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen and Leadership in Wartime. Simon and Schuster.
Commission, S. a. T. a. R., & Tutu, D. (1998). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa report. Commission.
Coovadia, I. (2020). Revolution and Non-Violence in Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863694.001.0001
Crwys-Williams, J. (2012). In the Words of Nelson Mandela. Penguin Random House South Africa.
Desai, A., & Vahed, G. (2015). The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-Bearer of Empire. Stanford University Press.
Deutsch, M., Coleman, P. T., & Marcus, E. C. (2006). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Doherty, C. (2010). Be A Better Leader: An inspiring, practical guide to becoming a successful leader. Hachette UK.
Ferch, S. R. (2012). Forgiveness and power in the age of atrocity: Servant Leadership as a Way of Life. Rowman & Littlefield.
Forsythe, D. P. (2006). Human Rights and Comparative Foreign policy. Manas Publications.
Fox, R. (2011). Reflection and Self-awareness. In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190616144.003.0010
Gergen, D. (2022). Hearts Touched with Fire: How Great Leaders are Made. Simon and Schuster.
Geyer, M. (2017). The Cambridge History of the Second World War.
Gilbert, M. (2004). Winston Churchill’s war leadership. National Geographic Books.
Gilbert, M. (2014). Churchill: A Life. Rosetta Books.
Goleman, D. (2017). What makes a leader? (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press.
Goleman, D. (2019). The emotionally intelligent leader. Harvard Business Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495007-4
Green, D. (2008). From poverty to power: How Active Citizens and Effective States Can Change the World. Oxfam.
Greenleaf, R. K. (2008). The servant as leader. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpg85tk.36
Hämäläinen, R. P. (2007). Systems intelligence in leadership and everyday life. Systems Analysis Laboratory.
Harrison, E. B., & Mühlberg, J. (2014). Leadership communication: How Leaders Communicate and How Communicators Lead in the Today’s Global Enterprise. Business Expert Press.
Hayward, S. F. (2004). Churchill on leadership: Executive Success in the Face of Adversity.
Hemer, O., & Tufte, T. (2016). Voice + matter: Communication, Development and the Cultural Return.
Hillman, P. (2021). Living beyond yourself.
Jallow, B. (2014). Leadership in Colonial Africa: Disruption of Traditional Frameworks and Patterns. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478092
Johnson, R. W. (2015). How long will South Africa survive? Oxford University Press.
Jones, P. E. (2012). The Visionary Leadership of Nelson Mandela: South Africa's Hero of Liberation. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(2), 45-63.
Kalungu-Banda, M. (2006). Leading like Madiba: Leadership Lessons from Nelson Mandela. Juta and Company Ltd.
Kaye, A. D., Fox, C. J., III, & Urman, R. D. (2012). Operating room leadership and management. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084277
Kellett, A. (2013). Combat motivation: The Behaviour of Soldiers in Battle. Springer Science & Business Media.
Kick, F. (2002). Kick It In: Developing the Self-Motivation to Take The Lead. Instruction+Design Concepts.
Kimber, J., Deery, P., Agutter, K., Beggs-Sunter, A., Bollard, R., Burgmann, V., Byrne, L., Clohesy, L., Cooper, R., Holbrook, C., Irving, N., McConville, C., Newton, D., Oliver, B., Rasmussen, C., Roberts, P., & Thoday, K. (2015). Fighting against war: Peace Activism in the Twentieth Century. Leftbank Press/Australian Society for the Study of Labour History.
Labrecque, E., & Hq, W. (2015). Who was Winston Churchill? National Geographic Books.
Langworth, R. M. (2017). Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality: What He Actually Did and Said. McFarland.
Lieberfeld, D. (2014). Nelson Mandela: Personal Characteristics and Reconciliation-Oriented Leadership. In Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks (pp. 143–167). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478122_7
Lorenzt, S. R., & Institute, A. F. R. (2012). Lorenz on leadership: Lessons on Effectively Leading People, Teams and Organizations. Military Bookshop.
Lyamouri-Bajja, N., Ohana, Y., Markosyan, R., Abukatta, O., Dolejšiová, D., & Vidanovic, A. (2013). Youth transforming conflict. Council of Europe.
Mackay, R. (2002). Half the battle: Civilian Morale in Britain During the Second World War. Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719058936.001.0001
Maddox, M. (2005). God under Howard: The rise of the religious right in Australian politics. Allen & Unwin.
Manchester, W. (2015). The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874-1932. Pan Macmillan.
Mandela, N. (2013). Long Walk To Freedom. Hachette UK.
Mandela, N. (2018). In his own words. Hachette UK.
Mandela, N. (2019). Prison Letters. Liveright Publishing.
Marques, J. (2021). Innovative leadership in times of compelling changes: Strategies, Reflections and Tools. Springer Nature.
Marques, J., & Dhiman, S. (2016). Leadership today: Practices for Personal and Professional Performance. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67258-4
Martin, D. (2013). Sounding the cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa. African Minds.
Martin, R. (2003). Winston Churchill: Leadership and statesmanship. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.47622/978-1-920489-82-3
Maxwell, J. C. (2021). The Self-Aware leader: Play to Your Strengths, Unleash Your Team. HarperCollins Leadership.
McIntyre-Mills, J. (2008). Systemic governance and accountability: Working and Re-Working the Conceptual and Spatial Boundaries. Springer Science & Business Media.
Mckenzie, P. (2014). From defence to development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa. IDRC.
Mendonca, M., & Kanungo, R. (2006). Ethical leadership. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Meyer, S. (2018). Nelson Mandela: South African president and anti-apartheid activist. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
Monroe, M. (2008). Becoming A Leader. Whitaker House.
Montefiore, S. S. (2008). Speeches that Changed the World: The Words and Stories of the Moments that Made History. Quercus Books.
Muller, J. W. (1999). Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech fifty years later. University of Missouri Press.
Murphy, M. (2010). Hard Goals: The Secret to Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be. McGraw Hill Professional.
Neck, C. P., Stewart, G. L., & Manz, C. C. (1995). Thought Self-Leadership as a Framework for Enhancing the Performance of Performance Appraisers. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 31(3), 278–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886395313004
Neck, C.P., Manz, C.C., and Houghton, J.D. (2019). Self-Leadership: The Definitive Guide to Personal Excellence. SAGE Publications.
Nester, W. (2020). Winston Churchill and the Art of Leadership: How Winston Changed the World. Frontline Books.
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE.
Nsamenang, A. B., & Tchombé, T. M. (2012). Handbook of African Educational Theories and Practices: A Generative Teacher Education Curriculum. HDRC.
O’Brien, E. (1983). Conscience and conflict: A Biography of Sir Dominic Corrigan, 1802-1880.
Okoth-Okombo, D., & Muluka, B. (2011). Challenging the rulers: A Leadership Model for Good Governance. African Books Collective.
Openstax, Bright, D. S., & Cortes, A. H. (2022). Principles of management.
Our future: Make it Work: National Development Plan, 2030: Executive Summary. (2012).
Packwood, A. (2018). How Churchill waged war: The Most Challenging Decisions of the Second World War. Grub Street Publishers.
Parmar, S., Roseman, M. J., Siegrist, S., & Sowa, T. (2010). Children and transitional justice: Truth-telling, Accountability and Reconciliation. Harvard University Press.
Peters, W. (2017). Leadership lessons: Winston Churchill. New Word City.
Polanyi, K. (2000). The Great Transformation. Amereon Limited.
Politis, J. D. (2006). Self‐leadership behavioural‐focused strategies and team performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(3), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610657721
Pollack, P., & Hq, W. (2013). Who was Nelson Mandela? Penguin.
Powell, M. S. W. (2015). How Did Winston S. Churchill’s Experience as A Prisoner of War: During The Boer War Affect His Leadership Style and Career? Pickle Partners Publishing.
Ransby, B. (2003). Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. Univ of North Carolina Press.
Reagan, R. (2020). The heart of a great nation: Timeless Wisdom from Ronald Reagan. Penguin.
Rhoodie, N. J., & Liebenberg, I. (1994). Democratic nation-building in South Africa.
Rodriguez, A. G. G. (2015). Nelson Mandela and the End of Apartheid. Enslow Publishing, LLC.
Rowland, D., & Higgs, M. (2008). Sustaining change: Leadership That Works. John Wiley & Sons
Sampson, A. (2011). Mandela: The Authorised Biography. HarperCollins UK.
Secretariat, C. (2017). Youth mainstreaming in development planning: Transforming Young Lives. Commonwealth Secretariat.
Shimoni, G. (2003). Community and conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa. UPNE. https://doi.org/10.26812/9781584653295
Shone, R., & Reed, N. (2007). Nelson Mandela: The life of an African statesman. Franklin Watts.
Smith, A. B., & Johnson, C. D. (2008). Nelson Mandela: A Visionary Leader for Democracy and Equality. Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 710-728.
Southall, R. (2006). South Africa’s role in conflict resolution and peacemaking in Africa: Conference Proceedings. HSRC Publishers.
Stafford, D. (2019). 15. ‘The Courage and Instinct of Leadership.’ In Yale University Press eBooks (pp. 211–222). https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300248760-019
Trawally, B. A. (2009). Nelson Mandela the tranformational leader: the struggle for social justice, equality and democratic change in South Africa.
Tutu, D. (2012). No future without forgiveness. Random House.
Unesco. (1998). All Human Beings--: A Manual for Human Rights Education. United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization.
Unesco. (2018). Legacies of slavery: a resource book for managers of sites and itineraries of memory. UNESCO Publishing.
Union, I. (1998). Democracy: Its Principles and Achievement. Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Weiner, D. R. (1999). A little corner of freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Univ of California Press.
Weinstein, S. (2014). B is for Balance: 12 Steps Toward a More Balanced Life at Home and at Work.
Wilson, C. (2014). Churchill on the Far East in the Second World War: Hiding the History of the ‘Special Relationship.’ Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137363954
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Published
2023-08-16
How to Cite
Chemonges , A. K. (2023). LEADERSHIP LEGACIES: AN ANALYSIS OF WINSTON CHURCHILL AND NELSON MANDELA. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 5(10), 54 - 76. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/451
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