MODERATING ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS COLLABORATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE OF HOSPITALS IN KENYA
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study sought to find out the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of hospitals in Kenya with stakeholder’s collaboration moderating this relationship.
Problem Statement: The desire to link strategic leadership with performance of health care is crucial for hospitals seeking above average performance. However, dearth of evidence in literature exists on the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of health care sector. Thus, the relationship remains blurred. In addition, limited literature on the effect of stakeholder’s collaboration on the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of hospitals exist. Moreover, scholarly work in this thematic area has been majorly done in Developed Nations creating a contextual gap in the body of knowledge. It is against this background that this study was conducted.
Study Methodology: The study employed hierarchical moderated multiple regression (MMR) analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test hypotheses and fit the theoretical models. The study sample comprised of 228 Hospitals.
Results of the study: The study revealed that stakeholder’s collaboration significantly moderated the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of Hospitals in Kenya.
Conclusion and Policy Recommendation: The study concludes that stakeholder’s collaboration moderates the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of Hospitals in Kenya is very vital for decision makers. Therefore, hospitals can contract other stakeholders for the services they do not offer. This study recommends the leadership in our hospitals should develop a policy mechanism that could enhance collaboration for enhanced performance.
Keywords: strategic leadership practices, performance, stakeholders’ collaboration, Hospitals
References
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Akwanalo, C., Njuguna, B., Mercer, T., Patakia, S.D., Mwangi, A., Dick, J., Dickhaus, J., Andesia, J., Bloomfield, G.S., & Valente, T. (2019). Strategies for effective stakeholder engagement in strengthening referral networks for management of hypertension across health systems in Kenya. Glob Heart, 14(2), 173-179.
Anderson, J.C. & Gerbing, D.W. (1988).Structural equation modeling in practice: A reviewand recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423Approach (3 Ed.). California: Mayfield Publishing Company. (pp 1-50).
Bahl, S., Wali, O. P., 2014. Perceived Significance of Information Security Governance to Predict the Information Security Service Quality in Software Service Industry: An Empirical Analysis. Information Management & Computer Security, 22(1), 2–23
Baik, Y. S. (2004). The Impact of Signal-Based Strategic Leadership on Research and Development Search Behavior. Doctorate Dissertation, Purdue University.
Baik, Y. S. (2004). The Leadership on Research and Development Search Behavior. Doctorate Dissertation, Purdue University. Impact of Signal-Based Strategic.
Barney, J.B. 1990. The debate between traditional management theory and organizational economics: substantive differences or intergroup conflict? Academy of Management Review, 15: 382-393
Birte Freudenreich & Florian Lüdeke-Freund & Stefan Schaltegger, 2020. "A Stakeholder Theory Perspective on Business Models: Value Creation for Sustainability," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 166(1), pages 3-18, September.
Bolouki, S., Njuguna, A., & Lewa, P. (2018). An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Valuation Methods on Effectiveness of Privatization of Hospitals through Mergers and Acquisitions in Kenya. The International Journal of Business & Management, 6(6).
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (Eds.), testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Brugha, R. & Varvasovky, Z. (2000). Stakeholder analysis: A review. Health Policy and planning, (15), 239-246.
Carmeli A., Schaubroeck J., Tishler A. (2011) ‘How CEO Empowering Leadership Shapes Top Management Team Processes: Implications for Firm Performance’, The Leadership Quarterly 22: 399–411.
Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper echelons
Carter, S. M., & Greer, C. R. (2013). Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(4), 375–393.
Chin, Wynne; Marcolin, Barbara; and Newsted, Peter, "A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and Voice Mail Emotion/Adoption Study" (1996). ICIS 1996 Proceedings. 6. https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis1996/6
Christopher, M., Payne, (2010), Relationship Marketing: Bringing Quality, Customer Service and Marketing Together, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Conner-Boyd, Joyce Collette, "The Role of Strategic Leadership in Healthcare Profitability" (2019). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 7281 https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7281.
Daniel, J. (2020) Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic. PROSPECTS, 49, 91-96.
Drath, W. H., McCauley, C. D., Palus, C. J., Van Velsor, E., O'Connor, P. M. G., & McGuire, J. B. (2008). Direction, alignment, commitment: Toward a more integrative ontology of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 635–653.
Eisenhardt, K. M. and Martin, J. A. (2000) ‘Dynamic Capabilities: What Are They?’, Strategic Management Journal 21(10–11): 1105–21.
Elenkov, S. (2008). The influence of the transformational leader. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10(4), 103-111.
Emory, C.W. and Cooper, D.R. (1991), Business Research Methods, 4th ed., Richard D. Irwin,
Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D., & Cannella, A. (2009). Strategic leadership: Theory
Freeman, R.E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. New York: Basic Books.
Friedman A., Miles S. (2002). Developing Stakeholder Theory. Journal of Management Studies, 39(1): 14–17.
Gilliland, M. (2017). Changing the paradigm for business forecasting. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, 2017(44), 29-35.
Goffee R, Jones G. (2016) why should anyone be led by you? What is takes to be an authentic leader. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. [Google Scholar]
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-35.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M.& Sarstedt, M. (2014).A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks:Sage.
Hambrick, D. C. & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of its Top Managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(5), 193-206.
Harrison, J.S. & Wicks, A.C. (2013). Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance, Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(1), 97-124.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. & Huskisson, R. E. (2012). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization (6th Ed.). South-Western Publishing College: Cincinnati, Ohio.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. & Hoskisson, R. E. (2014). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization (6th Ed.). South-Western Publishing College: Cincinnati, Ohio.
Hobbs, P. (2007). The Communicative Functions of the Hospital Medical Chart. In Idema, R
House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of management, 23(3), 409-473.
Hunt, J.G. (1999). Transformational/charismatic leadership’s transformation of the field: A historical essay. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 129–144.
Hutzschenreuter, T., Kleindienst, I., & Greger, C. (2012). How new leaders affect strategic change following a succession event: A critical review of the literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 729-755.
Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., Jr., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 6–23
Jensen, M. C. (2001 January). Paying People to Lie: The Truth about the Budgeting Process. Harvard Business Review, 69(2), 195-209.
Kaseje, Dan. 2015. “Health Care in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and an Emerging Model for Improvement.” The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Kirimi, B. A., & Minja, D. (2017). Transformational corporate leadership. Wake Forest, NC: IPI Publishers.
lhyasat, W.M.K., & Sharif, Z.M. (2018). The relationship between strategic leadership and organization performance in Jordan Industrial Estates Company. In AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing LLC, 020023.
Lim, G., Ahn, H.&Lee, H. (2005).Formulating strategies for stakeholder management: a case-based reasoning approach, Expert Systems with Applications, 28(4), 831-840.
Loxley, A. A. (1997). Collaboration in Health and Welfare: Working With Difference. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
M. Gupta. “Strategic Leadership:” An Effective Tool for Sustainable Growth, SIBM Pune Research Journal, Vol XV, 00-00, Uttarakhand, India, June 2018
Meyer, V., Jr., Pascuci, L., & Mamédio, D. F. (2016). Managerialism in complex systems: Experiences of strategic planning in non-profit hospitals. In R. Pinheiro, L. Geschwind, F. Ramirez, & K. Vrangbaek (Eds.), towards a comparative institutionalism: Forms, dynamics and logics across the organizational fields of health care and higher education (pp. 271-295).
Moss,S.(2009).Fitindices for structural equation modeling. Retrieved 06 27, 2014, from Psychlopedia: http://www.psych-it.com.au/Psychlopedia/article.asp? Id=277
Mugenda, A.G. (2008). Social Science Research.Nairobi: Acts Press.
Mungania and Karanja (2015). Transformational leadership and market orientation: Implications for the implementation of competitive strategies and business unit performance. Journal of Business Research, 60(4), 314-321
Niyi Israel Akeke, 2016. "Factor of Strategic Leadership: Antidote to Firm Performance," International Journal of Management Sciences, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 7(1), pages 7-1
Nyamu, J., De Coster, R. and Taib, S. (2015). A framework for collaborative innovation to facilitate e-health systems adoption, International Journal of e Healthcare Information Systems (IJe-HIS), 2(2), 2046-3332.
O’Malley, D., Woods-Jaeger, B. A., & Dowd, M. D. (2017). Building a Collaboration between a Children’s Hospital and an Early Childhood Education and Social Services Center. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 47(9), 222–228. Of Education 6 (4) 120 – 132.of the Economics of Education, vol 3, 2011th edition. Elsevier, pp 201–22.
Obiwuru, T.C., Okwu, A.T., Akpa,V.O.,& Nwankwere,I.A. (2011). Effects of leadership style on organizational performance: a survey of selected small-scale enterprises in Ikosi-Ketu Council Development area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(7), 100- 111.Oxford University Press
Odum, L. & Whaley-Connell, A., 2012, 'The role of team-based care involving pharmacists to improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes', Cardiorenal Medicine 2(4), 243-250.
Perrini , F., S. Pogutz, A. Tencati 2006. Corporate Social Responsibility in Italy: State of the Art Journal of Business Strategies 23(1): 65–91.
Peteraf, M. A.& Barney,J. B. (2003). Unraveling the Resource-Based Tangle. Managerial and Decision Economics, 24 (4), 309–323. And research on executives, top management teams, and boards. New York, NY:
Peteraf, M.A. (1993). The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View.
Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Competitive Strategy. New York: Free.
Pradabwong, J., Braziotis, C., Tannock, J.D.T. and Pawar, K.S. (2017), "Business process management and supply chain collaboration: effects on performance and competitiveness", Supply Chain Management, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 107-121.
Prahalad, C.K. & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation, Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79-91.
Quigley, T. J., & Graffin, S.D. (2017). Reaffirming the CEO effect is significant and much larger than chance: A comment on Fitza (2014). Strategic Management Journal, 38(3), 793– 801. Research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management.
Quigley, T. J., & Hambrick, D. C. (2015). Has the “CEO effect” increased in recent decades? A new explanation for the great rise in America's attention to corporate leaders. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), 821–830.
Ramish, A., & Aslam, H. (2017). Measuring supply chain knowledge management (SCKM) performance based on double/triple loop learning principle. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65, 704- 722.
Rowley T. (1997). Moving Beyond Dyadic Ties: A Network Theory of Stakeholder Influences. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 887–910.
Samimi, M., Cortes, A. F., Anderson, M. H., & Herrmann, P. (2020). What is strategic leadership? Developing a framework for future research. The Leadership Quarterly,
Sasu Tuominen & Saku Hirvonen & Helen Reijonen & Tommi Laukkanen, 2016. "The internal branding process and financial performance in service companies: An examination of the required steps," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(3)
Schumacker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G. (2004).A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (2 ed.).Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Serfontein, J.J. (2010). The impact of strategic leadership on the operational strategy and performance of business organizations in South Africa. DBM thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch
Singh, A., Lim, W. M., Jha, S., Kumar, S., & Ciasullo, M. V. (2023). The state of the art of strategic leadership. Journal of Business Research, 1(58), 113676.
Singh, S., Darwish, T. K., & Potocnik, K. (2016). Measuring Organizational Performance: A Case for Subjective Measures, British Journal of Management, 27 (1), 214– 224
Speziale, G. (2015). Strategic management of a healthcare organization: engagement, behavioral indicators, and clinical performance. European Heart Journal Supplements, 17(1), 3-7.
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (6th Ed.). Boston: Pearson. Taxonomic approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 319-40. Team composition. Journal of Management, 30, 747-778.
Teece, D. J., Pisano,G.& Shuen,A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal 18 (7), 509–533.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A Resource-Based View of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180.
Werther, W. B., & Chandler, D. (2011). Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders in a global environment. London: Sage Publications.
Yukl, G. (2010). How leaders influence organizational effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 19, 708-722.
Ahmad, S., & Ch, H. (2017). Relationship of Classroom Management Strategies with Academic Performance of Students at College Level. Bulletin of Education and Research, 39, 239-249.Research in Business and Management ISSN 2330-8362 2021, Vol.8.
Akwanalo, C., Njuguna, B., Mercer, T., Patakia, S.D., Mwangi, A., Dick, J., Dickhaus, J., Andesia, J., Bloomfield, G.S., & Valente, T. (2019). Strategies for effective stakeholder engagement in strengthening referral networks for management of hypertension across health systems in Kenya. Glob Heart, 14(2), 173-179.
Anderson, J.C. & Gerbing, D.W. (1988).Structural equation modeling in practice: A reviewand recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423Approach (3 Ed.). California: Mayfield Publishing Company. (pp 1-50).
Bahl, S., Wali, O. P., 2014. Perceived Significance of Information Security Governance to Predict the Information Security Service Quality in Software Service Industry: An Empirical Analysis. Information Management & Computer Security, 22(1), 2–23
Baik, Y. S. (2004). The Impact of Signal-Based Strategic Leadership on Research and Development Search Behavior. Doctorate Dissertation, Purdue University.
Baik, Y. S. (2004). The Leadership on Research and Development Search Behavior. Doctorate Dissertation, Purdue University. Impact of Signal-Based Strategic.
Barney, J.B. 1990. The debate between traditional management theory and organizational economics: substantive differences or intergroup conflict? Academy of Management Review, 15: 382-393
Birte Freudenreich & Florian Lüdeke-Freund & Stefan Schaltegger, 2020. "A Stakeholder Theory Perspective on Business Models: Value Creation for Sustainability," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 166(1), pages 3-18, September.
Bolouki, S., Njuguna, A., & Lewa, P. (2018). An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Valuation Methods on Effectiveness of Privatization of Hospitals through Mergers and Acquisitions in Kenya. The International Journal of Business & Management, 6(6).
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (Eds.), testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Brugha, R. & Varvasovky, Z. (2000). Stakeholder analysis: A review. Health Policy and planning, (15), 239-246.
Carmeli A., Schaubroeck J., Tishler A. (2011) ‘How CEO Empowering Leadership Shapes Top Management Team Processes: Implications for Firm Performance’, The Leadership Quarterly 22: 399–411.
Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper echelons
Carter, S. M., & Greer, C. R. (2013). Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(4), 375–393.
Chin, Wynne; Marcolin, Barbara; and Newsted, Peter, "A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and Voice Mail Emotion/Adoption Study" (1996). ICIS 1996 Proceedings. 6. https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis1996/6
Christopher, M., Payne, (2010), Relationship Marketing: Bringing Quality, Customer Service and Marketing Together, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Conner-Boyd, Joyce Collette, "The Role of Strategic Leadership in Healthcare Profitability" (2019). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 7281 https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7281.
Daniel, J. (2020) Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic. PROSPECTS, 49, 91-96.
Drath, W. H., McCauley, C. D., Palus, C. J., Van Velsor, E., O'Connor, P. M. G., & McGuire, J. B. (2008). Direction, alignment, commitment: Toward a more integrative ontology of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 635–653.
Eisenhardt, K. M. and Martin, J. A. (2000) ‘Dynamic Capabilities: What Are They?’, Strategic Management Journal 21(10–11): 1105–21.
Elenkov, S. (2008). The influence of the transformational leader. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10(4), 103-111.
Emory, C.W. and Cooper, D.R. (1991), Business Research Methods, 4th ed., Richard D. Irwin,
Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D., & Cannella, A. (2009). Strategic leadership: Theory
Freeman, R.E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. New York: Basic Books.
Friedman A., Miles S. (2002). Developing Stakeholder Theory. Journal of Management Studies, 39(1): 14–17.
Gilliland, M. (2017). Changing the paradigm for business forecasting. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, 2017(44), 29-35.
Goffee R, Jones G. (2016) why should anyone be led by you? What is takes to be an authentic leader. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. [Google Scholar]
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-35.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M.& Sarstedt, M. (2014).A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks:Sage.
Hambrick, D. C. & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of its Top Managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(5), 193-206.
Harrison, J.S. & Wicks, A.C. (2013). Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance, Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(1), 97-124.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. & Huskisson, R. E. (2012). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization (6th Ed.). South-Western Publishing College: Cincinnati, Ohio.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. & Hoskisson, R. E. (2014). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization (6th Ed.). South-Western Publishing College: Cincinnati, Ohio.
Hobbs, P. (2007). The Communicative Functions of the Hospital Medical Chart. In Idema, R
House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of management, 23(3), 409-473.
Hunt, J.G. (1999). Transformational/charismatic leadership’s transformation of the field: A historical essay. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 129–144.
Hutzschenreuter, T., Kleindienst, I., & Greger, C. (2012). How new leaders affect strategic change following a succession event: A critical review of the literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 729-755.
Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., Jr., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 6–23
Jensen, M. C. (2001 January). Paying People to Lie: The Truth about the Budgeting Process. Harvard Business Review, 69(2), 195-209.
Kaseje, Dan. 2015. “Health Care in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and an Emerging Model for Improvement.” The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Kirimi, B. A., & Minja, D. (2017). Transformational corporate leadership. Wake Forest, NC: IPI Publishers.
lhyasat, W.M.K., & Sharif, Z.M. (2018). The relationship between strategic leadership and organization performance in Jordan Industrial Estates Company. In AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing LLC, 020023.
Lim, G., Ahn, H.&Lee, H. (2005).Formulating strategies for stakeholder management: a case-based reasoning approach, Expert Systems with Applications, 28(4), 831-840.
Loxley, A. A. (1997). Collaboration in Health and Welfare: Working With Difference. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
M. Gupta. “Strategic Leadership:” An Effective Tool for Sustainable Growth, SIBM Pune Research Journal, Vol XV, 00-00, Uttarakhand, India, June 2018
Meyer, V., Jr., Pascuci, L., & Mamédio, D. F. (2016). Managerialism in complex systems: Experiences of strategic planning in non-profit hospitals. In R. Pinheiro, L. Geschwind, F. Ramirez, & K. Vrangbaek (Eds.), towards a comparative institutionalism: Forms, dynamics and logics across the organizational fields of health care and higher education (pp. 271-295).
Moss,S.(2009).Fitindices for structural equation modeling. Retrieved 06 27, 2014, from Psychlopedia: http://www.psych-it.com.au/Psychlopedia/article.asp? Id=277
Mugenda, A.G. (2008). Social Science Research.Nairobi: Acts Press.
Mungania and Karanja (2015). Transformational leadership and market orientation: Implications for the implementation of competitive strategies and business unit performance. Journal of Business Research, 60(4), 314-321
Niyi Israel Akeke, 2016. "Factor of Strategic Leadership: Antidote to Firm Performance," International Journal of Management Sciences, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 7(1), pages 7-1
Nyamu, J., De Coster, R. and Taib, S. (2015). A framework for collaborative innovation to facilitate e-health systems adoption, International Journal of e Healthcare Information Systems (IJe-HIS), 2(2), 2046-3332.
O’Malley, D., Woods-Jaeger, B. A., & Dowd, M. D. (2017). Building a Collaboration between a Children’s Hospital and an Early Childhood Education and Social Services Center. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 47(9), 222–228. Of Education 6 (4) 120 – 132.of the Economics of Education, vol 3, 2011th edition. Elsevier, pp 201–22.
Obiwuru, T.C., Okwu, A.T., Akpa,V.O.,& Nwankwere,I.A. (2011). Effects of leadership style on organizational performance: a survey of selected small-scale enterprises in Ikosi-Ketu Council Development area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(7), 100- 111.Oxford University Press
Odum, L. & Whaley-Connell, A., 2012, 'The role of team-based care involving pharmacists to improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes', Cardiorenal Medicine 2(4), 243-250.
Perrini , F., S. Pogutz, A. Tencati 2006. Corporate Social Responsibility in Italy: State of the Art Journal of Business Strategies 23(1): 65–91.
Peteraf, M. A.& Barney,J. B. (2003). Unraveling the Resource-Based Tangle. Managerial and Decision Economics, 24 (4), 309–323. And research on executives, top management teams, and boards. New York, NY:
Peteraf, M.A. (1993). The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View.
Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Competitive Strategy. New York: Free.
Pradabwong, J., Braziotis, C., Tannock, J.D.T. and Pawar, K.S. (2017), "Business process management and supply chain collaboration: effects on performance and competitiveness", Supply Chain Management, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 107-121.
Prahalad, C.K. & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation, Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79-91.
Quigley, T. J., & Graffin, S.D. (2017). Reaffirming the CEO effect is significant and much larger than chance: A comment on Fitza (2014). Strategic Management Journal, 38(3), 793– 801. Research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management.
Quigley, T. J., & Hambrick, D. C. (2015). Has the “CEO effect” increased in recent decades? A new explanation for the great rise in America's attention to corporate leaders. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), 821–830.
Ramish, A., & Aslam, H. (2017). Measuring supply chain knowledge management (SCKM) performance based on double/triple loop learning principle. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65, 704- 722.
Rowley T. (1997). Moving Beyond Dyadic Ties: A Network Theory of Stakeholder Influences. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 887–910.
Samimi, M., Cortes, A. F., Anderson, M. H., & Herrmann, P. (2020). What is strategic leadership? Developing a framework for future research. The Leadership Quarterly,
Sasu Tuominen & Saku Hirvonen & Helen Reijonen & Tommi Laukkanen, 2016. "The internal branding process and financial performance in service companies: An examination of the required steps," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(3)
Schumacker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G. (2004).A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (2 ed.).Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Serfontein, J.J. (2010). The impact of strategic leadership on the operational strategy and performance of business organizations in South Africa. DBM thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch
Singh, A., Lim, W. M., Jha, S., Kumar, S., & Ciasullo, M. V. (2023). The state of the art of strategic leadership. Journal of Business Research, 1(58), 113676.
Singh, S., Darwish, T. K., & Potocnik, K. (2016). Measuring Organizational Performance: A Case for Subjective Measures, British Journal of Management, 27 (1), 214– 224
Speziale, G. (2015). Strategic management of a healthcare organization: engagement, behavioral indicators, and clinical performance. European Heart Journal Supplements, 17(1), 3-7.
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (6th Ed.). Boston: Pearson. Taxonomic approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 319-40. Team composition. Journal of Management, 30, 747-778.
Teece, D. J., Pisano,G.& Shuen,A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal 18 (7), 509–533.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A Resource-Based View of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180.
Werther, W. B., & Chandler, D. (2011). Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders in a global environment. London: Sage Publications.
Yukl, G. (2010). How leaders influence organizational effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 19, 708-722.
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2024-04-18
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Wachira, W. P., Rotich, G. ., Ndungu, S., & Githae, P. . (2024). MODERATING ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS COLLABORATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE OF HOSPITALS IN KENYA. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 6(5), 119–137. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/577
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