MODERATING EFFECT OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT ON THE INTERVENING EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF ENERGY SECTOR INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA

  • John Odhiambo Mudany Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC, Kenya
  • Michael Ngala Cooperative University of Kenya
  • Wainaina Gituro University of Nairobi

Abstract

Objective of the Study: The study sought to establish the moderating effect of macro environment on the intervening effect of capital structure on the relationship between strategy implementation and performance of energy sector institutions in Kenya. Financing decisions and its effect on firm value continues to attract the attention of researchers who have explored several internal and external factors that influence the financing decisions of the firm and how it affects firm value. The influence of macro environment factors on capital structure of firms is one of the issues currently confronted by the financial managers as they make decisions on monetary and real market frameworks within which firms operate. The macro environment factors are expected to exert a significant influence on all of the financial and investment decisions. A firm’s selection of sources of financing is determined by the external environment, which consists of the degree of economic development of the country, the political environment, the level of capital market development, the monetary policy of the country, the level of interest and tax rates, the state support of entrepreneurship, the legislation in force, the level of competition in the particular sector, the degree of information asymmetry and other factors. This study was anchored on open system theory and supported by the pecking order theory and resource-based view theory.

Research Methodology: This study adopted positivism philosophy. The target population was the 68 institutions under the energy sector. The pilot test was carried out on twenty managers from different departments of the selected firms. The quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 22).

Findings: The study revealed that there was a statistically significant moderating effect of macro environment on the intervening effect of capital structure. The joint effect of macro environment and capital structure was higher and significant compared to the individual effect of individual variables therefore rejecting the hypothesis that there is no significant moderating effect of macro environment on the intervening effect of capital structure on the relationship between strategy implementation and performance of energy sector institutions in Kenya. The findings also revealed that when the interaction term was introduced, indicated a significant relationship, thus macro environment was found to moderate the relationship between capital structure and performance confirming phenomenon of moderated mediation.

Conclusions and recommendations: Therefore, it was concluded that, the introduction of macro environment had an enhancing moderating effect on the relationship between capital structure and performance. The study recommends that Energy sector institutions ought to be keen on developing policy guidelines to support their organizations to access capital, build capacity and adopt appropriate technology and earn a fair return on their investment. In addition, policy makers should enhance political support and develop enabling laws, policies and regulations which facilitate investment for superior performance by Energy sector institutions. Finally, the study recommends that Energy sector institutions be keen on current and trending issues, emerging technologies, new legal regulations, inflation, customer behavior, competition, supplier challenges, sponsor demands, political shifts among other issues when sourcing for funds and also when making crucial financial decisions.

Keywords: Strategy Implementation, Macro Environment, Capital Structure, Organizational Performance, Moderating, Intervening, Moderated Mediation.

Author Biographies

John Odhiambo Mudany, Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC, Kenya

Finance and ICT Director, Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC, Kenya

Michael Ngala, Cooperative University of Kenya

School of Business and Economics, Cooperative University of Kenya

Wainaina Gituro, University of Nairobi

School of Business, University of Nairobi, Kenya

References

Abbadi, S. M., & Abu-Rub, N. (2012). The effect of capital structure on the performance of palestinian financial institutions. British Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(2), 92-101.

Abdullah, Y. A., & Mansor, M. N. B. (2018). The Moderating Effect of Business Environment on the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Skills and Small Business Performance in Iraq. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(4), 1-11.

Abeywardhana, D.K.Y. (2015). Capital Structure and Profitability: An Empirical Analysis of SMEs in the UK, Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking, Vol. 4(2), 1661-1675

Abor, J., & Biekpe, N. (2005). What determines the capital structure of listed firms in Ghana?. African Finance Journal, 7(1), 37-48.

Adeyemi, S. B., & Oboh, C. S. (2011). Perceived Relationship between Corporate Capital Structure and Firm Value in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(19), 131-143.

Ahangama, S., & Poo, D. C. C. (2012). Moderating effect of environmental factors on eHealth development and health outcomes: a country-level analysis. In Shaping the Future of ICT Research. Methods and Approaches (pp. 143-159). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Ahmad, Z., Abdullah, N. M. H., & Roslan, S. (2012). Capital structure effect on firm’s performance: Focusing on consumers and industrials sectors on Malaysian firms. International Review of Business Research Papers, 8(5), 137 – 155.

Akeem, L. B., Terer, E. K., Kiyanjui, M. W., & Kayode, A. M. (2014). Effects of capital structure on firm’s performance: Empirical study of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Journal of Finance and Investment analysis, 3(4), 39-57.

Alavi, S., Wahab, A. D. Muhamad N., & Shirai, A. B. (2014). Organic Structure and Organizational Learning as the Main Antecedents of Workforce Agility. International Journal of Production Research. 52(21), 6273-6295.

Ansoff, H. I., & McDonnell, E. J. (1990). Implanting Strategic Management. Cambridge: Practice Hall.

Ansoff, H.I., & Mc Donnell, E.J. (1990). Implanting Strategic Management. (2nd ed). New York: Prentice Hall.

Ayo-Oyebiyi, G. T. (2019). Capital Structure and Organizational Performance: Evidence from Nigerian Food and Beverage Companies. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 1-9.
Barnat, R. (2012). Introduction to Management. Retrieved on, 26(06), 2015.

Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.

Barney, J. B. (2002). Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.

Beggs, J. J. (1995). The institutional environment: Implications for race and gender inequality in the U.S. labor market. American Sociological Review, 60, 613-633.

Booth, L., Aivazian, V., Demirguc‐Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2001). Capital structures in developing countries. The journal of finance, 56(1), 87-130.

Brendea, G. (2012). The impact of the recent financial crisis on the capital structure choices of the Romanian listed firms. Review of Economic Studies and Research Virgil Madgearu, 6(2), 15-22.

Bridoux, F. (2004). A resource-based approach to performance and competition: An overview of the connections between resources and competition. Luvain, Belgium Institut et de Gestion, Universite Catholique de Louvain, 2(1), 1-21.

Bui, N. T. H. (2017). The impact of financial leverage on firm performance: A case study of listed oil and gas companies in England. International journal of economics, commerce and management, 5(6), 477-485.

Burnes, B. (2004). Managing change: A strategic approach to organisational dynamics. Pearson Education.

Carr, C., Kolehmainen, K., & Mitchell, F. (2010). Strategic investment decision making practices: A contextual approach. Management Accounting Research, 21(3), 167-184.

Carton, R. B. (2004). Measuring organizational performance: An exploratory study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia).

Chong, H. G. (2008). Measuring performance of small-and-medium sized enterprises: the grounded theory approach. Journal of Business and Public affairs, 2(1), 1-10.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods. New York, NY. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic management journal, 10(1), 75-87.

Daft, R. L. (2001). Essentials of organization theory & design. South Western Educational Publishing.

Dao, T. T. B., & Lai, H. P. (2018). A Study on Optimal Capital Structure of Vietnamese Real Estate Listed Firms. Journal of Economics and Development, 20(3), 45-70

Dess, G. G., & Beard, D. W. (1984). Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative science quarterly, 52-73.

Dill, W. R. (1958). Environment as an influence on managerial autonomy. Administrative science quarterly, 409-443.

Dimaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1991). The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Doan, N. P. (2014). Impact of capital structure on financial performance of enterprises after privatization in Vietnam. Journal of World Economic and Political Issues, 7(219), 72-80.

Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, A. L. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12, 1-22.

Ekanem, I. (2005). ‘Bootstrapping’: the investment decision-making process in small firms. The British Accounting Review, 37(3), 299-318.

Enoma, A., & Mustapha, I. (2010). Factor analysis of investment decision in Nigerian insurance companies. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(8), 108-120.

Ensley, M. D., Pearce, C. L., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2006). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 243-263.

ERC (2019). Register of Licenses and Permits for Electric Power Undertakings as At February 2019. Retrieved from file://www.erc.go.ke/download/register-of-licenses-and-permits-for-electrical-power-undertakings/

Fairchild, A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2009). A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prevention Science, 10, 87-99.

Fan, J. P., Titman, S., & Twite, G. (2012). An international comparison of capital structure and debt maturity choices. Journal of Financial and quantitative Analysis, 47(1), 23-56.

Ferlie, E., & Ongaro, E. (2015). Strategic Management in Public Services Organizations: Concepts, Schools and Contemporary Issues. London: Routledge

Foo, V., Jamal, A. A. A., Karim, M. R. A., & Ulum, Z. K. A. B. (2015). Capital structure and corporate performance: Panel evidence from oil and gas companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 6(6), 371-379.

Foss, K., Foss J. N., Klein G. P., & Klein K. S. (2007b). The Entrepreneurial Organization of Heterogeneous Capital. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1165.

Gabrijelcic, M., Herman, U., & Lenarcic, A. (2013). Debt financing and firm performance before and during the crisis: micro-financial evidence from Slovenia. Social Science Electronic Publishing. SSRN working paper.

Gajurel, D. (2006). Macroeconomic influences on corporate capital structure. Available at SSRN 899049.

Gathungu, J. M., Aiko, D. M., & Machuki, V. N. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation, networking, external environment, and firm performance: A critical literature review. European Scientific Journal, 10(7).

Gaud, P., Hoesli, M., & Bender, A. (2007). Debt-equity choice in Europe. International Review of Financial Analysis, 16(3), 201-222.

Gebhardt, K. M., & Eagles, O.S. (2014). Factors leading to implementation of strategy plans for parks and recreation in province of Ontario, Canada: Chicago: American Library Association.

Gill, A., Biger, N., & Mathur, N. (2011). The effect of capital structure on profitability: Evidence from the United States. International Journal of Management, 28(4), 3.

Githira, W. C., & Nasieku, T. (2015). Capital structure determinants among companies quoted in securities exchange in East Africa. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(5), 483-496.

Griffin, R. W. (2013). Management. USA: Cegage Learning.

Gul, S., & Cho, H. R. (2019). Capital Structure and Default Risk: Evidence from Korean Stock Market. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(2), 15-24.

Hadi, A. R. A., Yusoff, H., & Yap, E. T. H. (2015). Capital structure of property companies: Evidence from Bursa Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(8), 12-19.

Hall, G. C., Hutchinson, P. J., & Michaelas, N. (2004). Determinants of the capital structures of European SMEs. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 31(5‐6), 711-728.

Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1989). Organizational ecology. Harvard university press.

Hauc, A., & Kovač, J. (2000). Project management in strategy implementation-experiences in Slovenia. International Journal of Project Management, 18(1), 61-67.

Hayes, A. F. (2018a). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Hayes, A. F. (2018b). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85, 4-40.

Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Conditional process modeling: Using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 219–266). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.

Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2020). Conditional process analysis: Concepts, computation, and advances in the modeling of the contingencies of mechanisms. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(1), 19-54.

Hitt, M. A., Ireland, D. R., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2013). Strategic Management: Competitiveness & Globalization: Concepts and Cases (10th ed.). South Western, USA: Cenveo Publisher Services.

Ismail, A. I., Raduan R.C., Uli J. & Abdullah H. (2011). The Relationship between Organizational Resources and Systems: An Empirical Research. Asian Social Science, 7(5), 72-80.

James, L. R., & Brett, J. M. (1984). Mediators, moderators, and tests for mediation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 307-321.

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1979). Rights and production functions: An application to labor-managed firms and codetermination. Journal of business, 469-506.

Jibran, S., Wajid, S. A., Waheed, I., & Muhammad, T. M. (2012). Pecking at pecking order theory: Evidence from Pakistan’s non-financial sector. Journal of Competitiveness, 4(4), 86-95.

Jin, P., Peng, C., & Song, M. (2019). Macroeconomic uncertainty, high-level innovation, and urban green development performance in China. China Economic Review, 55, 1-18.

Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602-619.

Kashif, M. (2017). Impact of Capital Structure on Financial Performance of Textile Sector in Pakistan. KASBIT Business Journals (KBJ), 10, 1-20.

Kinuu, D. (2014). Top management team psychological characteristics, institutional environment, team processes and performance of companies listed in Nairobi securities exchange. Unpublished PhD Thesis), University of Nairobi.

Korajczyk, R. A., & Levy, A. (2003). Capital structure choice: macroeconomic conditions and financial constraints. Journal of financial economics, 68(1), 75-109.

Kormishkina, L. A., Kormishkin, E. D., Semenova, N. N., & Koloskov, D. A. (2015). Favorable Macro Environment: Formula of Investment Activity Growth under the Economic Paradigm Shifted. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 163.

Krishnan, S., & Teo, T. (2011). Moderating effects of environmental factors on e-government, e-business, and environmental sustainability. CIS 2011 Proceedings. 2.

Laux, V. (2008). On the value of influence activities for capital budgeting. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 65(3-4), 625-635.

Lefort, F., McMurray D. &Tesvic J. (2015). Secrets to implementation success. McKinsey and Company NY.

Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., Hadjimarcou, J. S., & Lytovchenko, I. (2014). Assessing the greenness of environmental advertising claims made by multinational industrial firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(4), 671-684.

Levy, A., & Hennessy, C. (2007). Why does capital structure choice vary with macroeconomic conditions?. Journal of monetary Economics, 54(6), 1545-1564.

Li, Y., Guohui, S., & Eppler, M. J. (2008). Making strategy work. Strategy Options, 5(31), 1-46.

Liu, J., & Pang, D. (2009). Financial factors and company investment decisions in transitional China. Managerial and Decision Economics, 30(2), 91-108.

Machuki, V. N., & Aosa, E. (2011). The influence of the external environment on the performance of publicly quoted companies in Kenya. Prime Journals, Business Administration and Management (BAM),1(7), 205-218.

MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). An introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York, NY: Routledge

MacKinnon, D. P. (2011). Integrating mediators and moderators in research design. Research on social work practice, 21(6), 675-681.

Mateev, M., Poutziouris, P., & Ivanov, K. (2013). On the determinants of SME capital structure in Central and Eastern Europe: A dynamic panel analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 27(1), 28-51.

Mbithi, Muturi and Rambo (2017). Macro environment moderating Effects on Strategy and Performance. Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences, DOI: 10.21276/haya

Mthanti, T. S. (2012). The impact of effectuation on the performance of South African medium and high technology firms (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and management, Graduate School of Business Administration).

Muigai, R. G., & Muriithi, J. G. (2017). The Moderating Effect of Firm Size on the Relationship Between Capital Structure and Financial Distress of Non-Financial Companies Listed in Kenya. Journal of finance and accounting, 5(4), 151-158.

Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 852-863.

Murgor, P. K. (2014). External environment, firm capabilities, strategic responses and performance of Large-Scale manufacturing firms in Kenya. University of Nairobi, PhD Thesis.

Muyundo, M. C., Eugine, K. W., & Jinghong, S. (2020). Effect of Capital Structure on the Financial Performance of Non-Financial Firms Quoted at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. International Journal of Science and Business, 4(4), 165-179.

Mwangi, L. W., Makau, M. S., & Kosimbei, G. (2014). Relationship between capital structure and performance of non-financial companies listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. Global Journal of Contemporary Research in Accounting, Auditing and Business Ethics, 1(2), 72-90.

Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have (No. w1396). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Nassar, S. (2016). The impact of capital structure on Financial Performance of the firms: Evidence from Borsa Istanbul. Journal of Business & Financial Affairs, 5(2).

Nguyen, T. H., & Nguyen, H. A. (2020). The Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Performance: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(4), 97-105

Njoroge, J. K., Machuki, V. N., Ongeti, W. J., & Kinuu D. (2015). The Effect of strategy implementation on performance of Kenya State Corporations. Prime Journals, 5(9), 1913-1922

Njoroge, J. K., Ongeti, W. J., Kinuu, D., & Kasomi, F. M. (2016). Does external environment influence organizational performance? The case of Kenyan State Corporations. Management and Organizational Studies, 3(3), 41-51.

Odundo, E. O. (2012). Environmental context, implementation of strategic plans and performance of State Corporations in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi, Kenya).

Ogada, A., Achoki, G., & Njuguna, A. (2016). Moderating effect of economic growth on financial performance of merged institutions. International Journal of Finance, 1(1), 38-52.

Oketch, J. O., Kilika, J. M., & Kinyua, G. M. (2020). The Moderating Role of the Legal Environment on the Relationship between TMT Characteristics and Organizational Performance in a Regulatory Setting in Kenya. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(1).

Okioga, C. K. (2012). Strategies Which Are Key to the Success of the Corporate Institution in Kenya. A Case of Selected Corporate Institutions in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Management, 4 (15), 31-43.

Ong, T. S., & Heng, T. B. (2012). Reward System and Performance within Malaysian Manufacturing Companies. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(7), 1009-1017.

Pandey, I. M. (2002). Capital structure and market power interaction: Evidence from Malaysia. Available at SSRN 322700.

Pearce, J. A., Robinson, R. B., & Mital, A. (2010). Strategic Management: Formulation, implementation, and control (10th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.

Pearce, P. L., & Coghlan, A. (2008). The dynamics behind volunteer tourism. Journeys of discovery in volunteer tourism: International case study perspectives, 130-143.

Penrose, E.T. (1959). The Growth of the Firm. Wiley: New York.

Pham, C. D. (2020). The Effect of Capital Structure on Financial Performance of Vietnamese Listing Pharmaceutical Enterprises. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(9), 329-340.

Pham, L. T., & Hoang V. H. (2019). The relationship between organizational learning capability and business performance: The case of Vietnam firms. Journal of Economics and Development, 21(2), 259-269.

Pratheepkanth, P. (2011). Capital structure and financial performance: evidence from selected business companies in Colombo stock exchange Sri Lanka. Researchers World, 2(2), 171.

Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Assessing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185-227.

Rahman, M. A., Sarker, M. S. I., & Uddin, M. J. (2019). The impact of capital structure on the profitability of publicly traded manufacturing firms in Bangladesh. Applied Economics and Finance, 6(2), 1-5.

Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (1995). What do we know about capital structure? Some evidence from international data. The journal of Finance, 50(5), 1421-1460.

Ram, J., Corkindale, D., & Wu, M. L. (2013). Implementation critical success factors (CSFs) for ERP: Do they contribute to implementation success and post-implementation performance?. International Journal of Production Economics, 144(1), 157-174.

Sage, S. (2015). 5 questions to evaluate your implementation strategy. Available online: http://onstrategyhq.com/resources/strategic-implementation/.

Salehi, K. A., & Moradi, M. (2015). The effect of capital structure and product market competition on the financial performance among the companies listed in Teheran Stock Exchange. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 4(1), 512-521.

Salim, M., & Yadav, R. (2012). Capital structure and firm performance: Evidence from Malaysian listed companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 156-166.

San, O. T., & Heng, T. B. (2011). Capital structure and corporate performance of Malaysian construction sector. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(2), 28-36.

Sandahl, G., & Sjögren, S. (2003). Capital budgeting methods among Sweden's largest groups of companies. The state of the art and a comparison with earlier studies. International journal of production economics, 84(1), 51-69.

Sandberg, W. R., & Hofer, C. W. (1987). Improving new venture performance: The role of strategy, industry structure, and the entrepreneur. Journal of Business venturing, 2(1), 5-28.

Shyam-Sunder, L., & Myers, S. C. (1999). Testing static tradeoff against pecking order models of capital structure. Journal of financial economics, 51(2), 219-244.

Sial, A., Usman, M. K., Zufiqar, S., Satti, A. M., & Khursheed, I. (2013). Why do public sector organizations fail in implementation of strategic plan in Pakistan. Public policy and administration research, 3(1), 33-42.

Siddik, M. N. A., Sun, G., Kabiraj, S., Shanmugan, J., & Yanjuan, C. (2016). Impacts of e-banking on performance of banks in a developing economy: empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 17(6), 1066-1080.

Simerly, R. L., & Li, M. (2000). Environmental dynamism, capital structure and performance: a theoretical integration and an empirical test. Strategic management journal, 21(1), 31-49.

Singh, H., & Mahmood, R. (2014). Aligning manufacturing strategy to export performance of manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 85-95.

Smart, C., & Vertinsky, I. (1984). Strategy and the environment: A study of corporate responses to crises. Strategic management journal, 5(3), 199-213.

Sultan, A., & Adam, M. (2015). The effect of capital structure on profitability: An empirical Analysis of listed firms in Iraq. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, 3(2), 61-78.

Tan, S. L., & Hamid, N. I. N. A. (2014). Capital structure and performance of Malaysia plantation sector (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).

Terziovski, M., & Samson, D. (2000). The effect of company size on the relationship between TQM strategy and organizational performance. The TQM Magazine, 12(2), 144-149

Ting, H. F., Wang, H. B., & Wang, D. S. (2012). The moderating role of environmental dynamism on the influence of innovation strategy and firm performance. International Journal of innovation, management and technology, 3(5), 517.

Ting, I. W. K., & Lean, H. H. (2011). Capital Structure of Government-Linked Companies in Malaysia. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting & Finance, 7(2).

Tongkong, S. (2012). Key factors influencing capital structure decision and its speed of adjustment of Thai listed real estate companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 716-720.
Trinh, Q. T., & Nguyen, V. S. (2013). Factors affecting the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. Journal of Banking Technology, 85(1), 11-15.

Ul Qayyum, N., & Noreen, U. (2019). Impact of Capital Structure on Profitability: A Comparative Study of Islamic and Conventional Banks of Pakistan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business (JAFEB), 6(4), 65-74.

VanderWeele, T. J. (2015). Explanation in causal inference: Methods for mediation and interaction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Verbeeten, F. H. M. (2006). Do organizations adopt sophisticated capital budgeting practices to deal with uncertainty in the investment decision? Management Accounting Research 17 (1): 106–120.

Volberda, H. W., Morgan, R. E., Reinmoeller, P., Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2011). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization; Concepts Only. South-Western, Cengage Learning.

Wade, D., & Recardo, R. J. (2001). Corporate performance management: how to build a better organization through measurement-driven strategic alignment. Routledge.

Winborg, J., & Landström, H. (2001). Financial bootstrapping in small businesses: Examining small business managers' resource acquisition behaviors. Journal of business venturing, 16(3), 235-254.

Xin, W. Z. (2014). The impact of ownership structure and capital structure on financial performance of Vietnamese firms. International Business Research, 7(2), 64.

Zarnowitz, V. (1985). Rational expectations and macroeconomic forecasts. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 3(4), 293-311.

Zeitun, R., Tian, G., & Keen, S. (2007). Macroeconomic determinants of corporate performance and failure: evidence from an emerging market the case of Jordan. Corporate Ownership & Control, 5(1), 179-194.
Published
2021-02-15
How to Cite
Mudany, J. O., Ngala, M., & Gituro, W. (2021). MODERATING EFFECT OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT ON THE INTERVENING EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF ENERGY SECTOR INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 3(1), 67 - 95. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/159
Section
Articles