INFLUENCE OF STAFF MOTIVATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT KENYA ELECTRICITY GENERATING COMPANY (KENGEN)
Abstract
Statement of the Problem: This study sought to examine the relationship between employee engagement, employee motivation and employee performance. The overall objective of the study conducted in the year 2020 at KenGen was to assess critical elements necessary to motivate employees and enhance their engagement to enable the company achieve its vision and mandate. The specific objectives of the study were; to determine the influence of employee engagement on performance at KenGen and to determine the intervening effect of staff motivation on the relationship between employee engagement and performance at KenGen. The paper was anchored on William Kahn's Theory of Employee Engagement and supported by the Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.
Methodology: This paper adopted descriptive research design. The unit of analysis consisted of 2,500 employees of KenGen. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using questionnaires using survey monkey administered electronically to all employees, focus group discussions and stakeholder engagement. Secondary data was obtained from document review. Drawing on relevant literature, some basic employee engagement and staff motivation antecedents were selected and analyzed using thematic content analysis process.
Results: The results revealed that the company had high Organization Health Assessment (OHA) ratings on critical factors. The findings indicated that employees understood the organization core values and aligned their personal behavior to the same.
Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concluded that organizational structure required improvement and treatment of all departments equally. Staff motivation had an enhancing mediating effect on employee engagement since it improved employee connection thereby improving the employer reputation. The study recommended that the Company should ensure that leadership is visible in communicating the vision, mission, values and corporate strategy to the staff. The study further recommended leveraging the existing formal and informal channels for communicating important issues to employees. Finally, the study recommended sponsoring women to take up technical courses. This will ensure a high number of qualified female technical staff are channeled into the workforce.
Keywords: Employee Engagement, Staff Motivation, Leadership, Management Performance and KenGen
References
Adler, S. (2012). Review of work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. Personnel Psychology, 65, 204–207.
Ahmetoglu, G., Harding, X., Akhtar, R., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2015). Predictors of creative achievement: Assessing the impact of entrepreneurial potential, perfectionism, and employee engagement. Creativity Research Journal, 27, 198–205. doi:10.1080/10400419.2015.1030293
Akhtar, R., Boustani, L., Tsivrikos, D., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2015). The engageable personality: Personality and trait EI as predictors of work engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 44-49.
Al Banin, Q., Eliyana, A., & Latifiyah, E. R. (2020). Enhancing Employee Performance with Work Motivation as A Mediation Variable. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(9), 333-346.
Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., & Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 2 (1), 7-35.
Al-Musadieq, M., Nurjannah, N., Raharjo, K., Solimun, S., & Fernandes, A. A. R. (2018). The mediating effect of work motivation on the influence of job design and organizational culture against HR performance. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 37 No. 6, pp. 452-469.
Bakker, A. B., & Bal, M. P. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 83(1), 189-206.
Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 147-154.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Lieke, L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 555-564.
Beer, M., & Walton, R. E. (2014). Reward systems and the role of compensation. JG Searle, Manage people, not personal. Boston: Harvard Business Review.
Bersin, J. (2013). Employee retention now a big issue: Why the tide has turned. Bersin by Deloitte, 16, 1-4.
Bersin, J. (2014). Why companies fail to engage today’s workforce: The overwhelmed employee. Retrieved from Forbes. com: https://www. Forbes. com/sites/joshbersin/2014/03/15/whycompanies-fail-to-engage-todays-workforce-the-overwhelmed-employee. employee/#34880e894726
Bhatnagar, J. (2012). Management of innovation: Role of psychological empowerment, work engagement and turnover intention in the Indian context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 928-951.
Bhuvanaiah, T., & Raya, R. P. (2015). Mechanism of improved performance: Intrinsic motivation and employee engagement. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 12(4), 92-97.
Bledow, R., Schmitt, A., Frese, M., & Kühnel, J. (2011). The affective shift model of work engagement. Journal of applied psychology, 96(6), 1246.
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2013). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 138–157. doi:10.1111/joop.12041
Brunetto, Y., Xerri, M., & Nelson, S. (2014). Building a proactive, engagement culture in asset management organizations. Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(4), 04014014.
Bustasar, B., Sumarsih, S., & Nugroho, K. U. Z. (2019). The Relationship between Motivation, Engagement and Performance of Employee. In International Conference on Educational Sciences and Teacher Profession (ICETeP 2018) (pp. 80-83). Atlantis Press.
Byrne, Z. S. (2014). Understanding employee engagement: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge.
Carter, B. (2015, September 29). 4 dramatic shifts in the workplace that will positively affect employee engagement [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://blog.accessdevelopment.com/4dramatic-shifts-in-the-workplace-that-will-positively-affect-employee-engagement
Change, D., Linge, T. K., & Sikalieh, D. (2019). Influence of idealized influence on employee engagement in parastatals in the energy sector in Kenya. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 8(5), 123-135.
Coffman, C., & Gonzalez-Molina, G. (2002). Follow this path: How the world's greatest organizations drive growth by unleashing human potential. New York: New York Warner Books, Inc
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research, planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Educational Resources, Inc
Dawson, C. (2019). Introduction to Research Methods 5th Edition: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project. Robinson.
Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York and London. Plenum Press, 10, 978-1.
Estes, B., & Polnick, B. (2012). Examining motivation theory in higher education: An expectancy theory analysis of tenured faculty productivity. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 15(1), 1-7.
Evelyne, N., Muathe, S., & Kilika, J. (2018). Mediating effect of motivation on employees performance in private equity firms, Kenya. Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(2), 78-84.
Farndale, E., & Murrer, I. (2015). Job resources and employee engagement: A cross-national study. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 30 (5), 610-626.
Fincham, R. & Rhodes, P. (2015). Principles of Organizational Behaviour. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Fletcher, L., Robinson, D., Bailey, C., Alfes, K., Holmes, J., Madden, A., ... & Currie, G. M. (2014). Measuring employee engagement and interpreting survey results. Institute for Employment Studies: Brighton see: http://www. nhsemployers. org/~/media/Employers/Documents/Retain% 20and% 20improve/Measuring% 20employee% 20engagement. pdf.
George, J. M. & Jones, G. R. (2013). Understanding and Managing. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall
Gheitani, A., Imani, S., Seyyedamiri, N., & Foroudi, P. (2019). Mediating effect of intrinsic motivation on the relationship between Islamic work ethic, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in banking sector. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12 (1), 76-95.
Gikonyo, S. (2018). Employee engagement and performance of research and training state corporations in Kenya. Unpublished Thesis.
Glavas, A. (2012). Employee engagement and sustainability: A model for implementing meaningfulness at and in work. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, (46), 13-29.
Haar, J. M., & White, B. J. (2013). Corporate entrepreneurship and information technology towards employee retention: A study of New Zealand firms. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), 109-125.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268-279
Hausknecht, J. P., & Holwerda, J. A. (2013). When does employee turnover matter? Dynamic member configurations, productive capacity, and collective performance. Organization Science, 24, 210–225. doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0720
Iqbal, T., Khan, K., & Iqbal, N. (2012). Job stress and employee engagement. European Journal of Social Sciences, 28(1), 109-118.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724.
Kahn, W. A. (1992). To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human relations, 45(4), 321-349.
Kortmann, S., Gelhard, C., Zimmermann, C., & Piller, F. T. (2014). Linking strategic flexibility and operational efficiency: The mediating role of ambidextrous operational capabilities. Journal of Operations Management, 32(7-8), 475-490.
Kumari, N. (2014). Using performance appraisal as an effective tool for motivating the employee’s performance: A live study. Business Perspectives and Research, 2(2), 37-46.
Lăzăroiu, G. (2015). Employee motivation and job performance. Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), 97-102.
Lin, H. F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of information science, 33(2), 135-149.
Ludwig, T. D., & Frazier, C. B. (2012). Employee engagement and organizational behavior management. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 32(1), 75-82.
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3-30.
MacLeod, D., & Clarke, N. (2009). Engaging for success. Enhancing performance through employee engagement. Retrieved from http: //www.trainingmag.com/article/main-drivers-employee-engagement. Viewed 26/02/2013
Menguc, B., Auh, S., Fisher, M., & Haddad, A. (2013). To be engaged or not to be engaged: The antecedents and consequences of service employee engagement. Journal of business research, 66(11), 2163-2170.
Mercer (2007). Exploring the Global Drivers of Employee Engagement. Retrieved from www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1281670
Mishra, K., Boynton, L., & Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications. International Journal of Business Communication, 51(2), 183-202.
Mitchell, T. R., & Liden, R. C. (1982). The effects of the social context on performance evaluations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 29(2), 241-256.
Momeni, M., Kalali, N. S., Anvari, M. R. A., Raoofi, Z., & Zarrineh, A. (2011). What kind of people are the happiest? An empirical study. International Review of Business Research Papers, 7(3), 42-54.
Mone, E., Eisinger, C., Guggenheim, K., Price, B., & Stine, C. (2011). Performance management at the wheel: Driving employee engagement in organizations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26, 205–212.
Mosadeghrad, A. M., & Ansarian, M. (2014). Why do organisational change programmes fail? International Journal of Strategic Change Management, 5(3), 189-218.
Mosley, D. C., Pietri, P. H. & Mosley Jnr, D. C. (2012). Supervisory Management: The Art of Inspiring, Empowering and Developing People. Mason, OH: Thompson
Mugenda, O. Mugenda (2008) Social Sciences Research: Theory and Principles. Applied Research & Training Services, Nairobi: Kenya.
Musgrove, C., Ellinger, A. E., & Ellinger, A. D. (2014). Examining the influence of strategic profit emphases on employee engagement and service climate. Journal of Workplace Learning, 26, 152–171. doi:10.1108/JWL-08-2013-0057
Muzakki, M., Eliyana, A., & Muhtadi, R. (2019). Is employee performance affected by organizational cuoture, work motivation and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)?: An empirical investigation. IJIEEB International Journal of Integrated Education, Engineering and Business eISSN 2615-1596 pISSN 2615-2312, 2(1), 36-42.
Naufal, P., & Suryaputra, R. (2011). The Effect of Work Environment and Job Motivation on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance in PT . X. August, 200–205.
Nelson, Q. (2013). Principles of Organizational Behavior. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Newman, K. L. (2011). Sustainable careers. Organizational Dynamics, 40(2), 136.
Nguwi, M. (2016). Work engagement trends in Zimbabwe. Financial Gazette http://allafrica. com/stories/201012220113. html Accessed, 5.
Ofori, D., & Aryeetey, M. (2011). Recruitment and selection practices in small and medium enterprises: Perspectives from Ghana. International Journal of Business Administration, 2(3), 45.
Perrin, T. (2003). Working today: Understanding what drives employee engagement. The 2003 Towers Perrin Talent Report, 2.
Purcell, J. (2014). Disengaging from engagement. Human Resource Management Journal, 24, 241–254. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12046
Purvis, R. L., Zagenczyk, T. J., & McCray, G. E. (2015). What's in it for me? Using expectancy theory and climate to explain stakeholder participation, its direction and intensity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(1), 3-14.
Robertson, I. T., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Full engagement: The integration of employee engagement and psychological well-being. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31, 324–336.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 600-619.
Saunders, M., & Lewis, P. (2016). In Thornhill Adrian. Research methods for business students, 7(2), 23-34.
Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). What is engagement. Employee engagement in theory and practice, 15, 321.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Schedlitzki, D., & Edwards, G. (2017). Studying leadership: Traditional and critical approaches. Sage.
Shaw, K. (2005). An engagement strategy process for communicators. Strategic Communication Management, 9(3), 26.
Shuck, M. B., & Wollard, K. K. (2009). A historical perspective of employee engagement: An emerging definition, Proceedings of the Eighth Annual College of Education & GSN Research Conference,133-139.Retrieved from http://coeweb.fiu.edu/research_conference/
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). (2014). Employee job satisfaction and engagement: The road to economic recovery. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/hrtoday/trends-and-forecasting/research-and-surveys/Documents/140028%20JobSatEngage_Report_FULL_FNL.pdf
Society for Human Resource Management [SHRM] (2013). Employee job satisfaction and engagement. Revitalizing a Changing Workforce. Retrieved from www.shrm.org
Soieb, A. Z. M., Othman, J., & D'silva, J. L. (2013). The effects of perceived leadership styles and organizational citizenship behaviour on employee engagement: The mediating role of conflict management. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(8), 91.
Stanley, T. L. (2012). Motivation in today’s workplace. Human Resource Journal, 55(7), 1-9.
Suliman, A. A., & Al-Junaibi, Y. (2010). Commitment and turnover intention in the UAE oil industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(9), 1472-1489.
Sundaray, B. K. (2011). Employee engagement: a driver of organizational effectiveness. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(8), 53-59.
Tampubolon, H. (2017). The relationship between employee engagement, job motivation, and job satisfaction towards the employee performance. Corporate Ownership & Control, 13(2), 473-477.
Truss, K. (2014). The future of research in employee engagement. The Future of Engagement Thought Piece Collection, 80.
Van Rooy, D. L., Whitman, D. S., Hart, D., & Caleo, S. (2011). Measuring employee engagement during a financial downturn: business imperative or nuisance?. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(2), 147-152.
Vandenabeele, W. (2014). Explaining public service motivation: The role of leadership and basic needs satisfaction. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 34(2), 153-173.
Vroom, V. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Willey & Sons.
Wardani, N. K., & Eliyana, A. (2020). The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employees Performance with Communication Satisfaction Mediation (Case Study of Frontliner Employees of PT Bank Muamalat, TBK Surabaya). 117(Gcbme 2018), 247–252.
Welch, M. (2011). The evolution of the employee engagement concept: communication implications. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16 (4), 328-346.
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business Research Methods (8th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-western Cengage Learning.
Ahmetoglu, G., Harding, X., Akhtar, R., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2015). Predictors of creative achievement: Assessing the impact of entrepreneurial potential, perfectionism, and employee engagement. Creativity Research Journal, 27, 198–205. doi:10.1080/10400419.2015.1030293
Akhtar, R., Boustani, L., Tsivrikos, D., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2015). The engageable personality: Personality and trait EI as predictors of work engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 44-49.
Al Banin, Q., Eliyana, A., & Latifiyah, E. R. (2020). Enhancing Employee Performance with Work Motivation as A Mediation Variable. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(9), 333-346.
Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., & Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 2 (1), 7-35.
Al-Musadieq, M., Nurjannah, N., Raharjo, K., Solimun, S., & Fernandes, A. A. R. (2018). The mediating effect of work motivation on the influence of job design and organizational culture against HR performance. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 37 No. 6, pp. 452-469.
Bakker, A. B., & Bal, M. P. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 83(1), 189-206.
Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 147-154.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Lieke, L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 555-564.
Beer, M., & Walton, R. E. (2014). Reward systems and the role of compensation. JG Searle, Manage people, not personal. Boston: Harvard Business Review.
Bersin, J. (2013). Employee retention now a big issue: Why the tide has turned. Bersin by Deloitte, 16, 1-4.
Bersin, J. (2014). Why companies fail to engage today’s workforce: The overwhelmed employee. Retrieved from Forbes. com: https://www. Forbes. com/sites/joshbersin/2014/03/15/whycompanies-fail-to-engage-todays-workforce-the-overwhelmed-employee. employee/#34880e894726
Bhatnagar, J. (2012). Management of innovation: Role of psychological empowerment, work engagement and turnover intention in the Indian context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 928-951.
Bhuvanaiah, T., & Raya, R. P. (2015). Mechanism of improved performance: Intrinsic motivation and employee engagement. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 12(4), 92-97.
Bledow, R., Schmitt, A., Frese, M., & Kühnel, J. (2011). The affective shift model of work engagement. Journal of applied psychology, 96(6), 1246.
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2013). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 138–157. doi:10.1111/joop.12041
Brunetto, Y., Xerri, M., & Nelson, S. (2014). Building a proactive, engagement culture in asset management organizations. Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(4), 04014014.
Bustasar, B., Sumarsih, S., & Nugroho, K. U. Z. (2019). The Relationship between Motivation, Engagement and Performance of Employee. In International Conference on Educational Sciences and Teacher Profession (ICETeP 2018) (pp. 80-83). Atlantis Press.
Byrne, Z. S. (2014). Understanding employee engagement: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge.
Carter, B. (2015, September 29). 4 dramatic shifts in the workplace that will positively affect employee engagement [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://blog.accessdevelopment.com/4dramatic-shifts-in-the-workplace-that-will-positively-affect-employee-engagement
Change, D., Linge, T. K., & Sikalieh, D. (2019). Influence of idealized influence on employee engagement in parastatals in the energy sector in Kenya. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 8(5), 123-135.
Coffman, C., & Gonzalez-Molina, G. (2002). Follow this path: How the world's greatest organizations drive growth by unleashing human potential. New York: New York Warner Books, Inc
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research, planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Educational Resources, Inc
Dawson, C. (2019). Introduction to Research Methods 5th Edition: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project. Robinson.
Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York and London. Plenum Press, 10, 978-1.
Estes, B., & Polnick, B. (2012). Examining motivation theory in higher education: An expectancy theory analysis of tenured faculty productivity. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 15(1), 1-7.
Evelyne, N., Muathe, S., & Kilika, J. (2018). Mediating effect of motivation on employees performance in private equity firms, Kenya. Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(2), 78-84.
Farndale, E., & Murrer, I. (2015). Job resources and employee engagement: A cross-national study. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 30 (5), 610-626.
Fincham, R. & Rhodes, P. (2015). Principles of Organizational Behaviour. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Fletcher, L., Robinson, D., Bailey, C., Alfes, K., Holmes, J., Madden, A., ... & Currie, G. M. (2014). Measuring employee engagement and interpreting survey results. Institute for Employment Studies: Brighton see: http://www. nhsemployers. org/~/media/Employers/Documents/Retain% 20and% 20improve/Measuring% 20employee% 20engagement. pdf.
George, J. M. & Jones, G. R. (2013). Understanding and Managing. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall
Gheitani, A., Imani, S., Seyyedamiri, N., & Foroudi, P. (2019). Mediating effect of intrinsic motivation on the relationship between Islamic work ethic, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in banking sector. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12 (1), 76-95.
Gikonyo, S. (2018). Employee engagement and performance of research and training state corporations in Kenya. Unpublished Thesis.
Glavas, A. (2012). Employee engagement and sustainability: A model for implementing meaningfulness at and in work. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, (46), 13-29.
Haar, J. M., & White, B. J. (2013). Corporate entrepreneurship and information technology towards employee retention: A study of New Zealand firms. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), 109-125.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268-279
Hausknecht, J. P., & Holwerda, J. A. (2013). When does employee turnover matter? Dynamic member configurations, productive capacity, and collective performance. Organization Science, 24, 210–225. doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0720
Iqbal, T., Khan, K., & Iqbal, N. (2012). Job stress and employee engagement. European Journal of Social Sciences, 28(1), 109-118.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724.
Kahn, W. A. (1992). To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human relations, 45(4), 321-349.
Kortmann, S., Gelhard, C., Zimmermann, C., & Piller, F. T. (2014). Linking strategic flexibility and operational efficiency: The mediating role of ambidextrous operational capabilities. Journal of Operations Management, 32(7-8), 475-490.
Kumari, N. (2014). Using performance appraisal as an effective tool for motivating the employee’s performance: A live study. Business Perspectives and Research, 2(2), 37-46.
Lăzăroiu, G. (2015). Employee motivation and job performance. Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), 97-102.
Lin, H. F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of information science, 33(2), 135-149.
Ludwig, T. D., & Frazier, C. B. (2012). Employee engagement and organizational behavior management. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 32(1), 75-82.
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3-30.
MacLeod, D., & Clarke, N. (2009). Engaging for success. Enhancing performance through employee engagement. Retrieved from http: //www.trainingmag.com/article/main-drivers-employee-engagement. Viewed 26/02/2013
Menguc, B., Auh, S., Fisher, M., & Haddad, A. (2013). To be engaged or not to be engaged: The antecedents and consequences of service employee engagement. Journal of business research, 66(11), 2163-2170.
Mercer (2007). Exploring the Global Drivers of Employee Engagement. Retrieved from www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1281670
Mishra, K., Boynton, L., & Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications. International Journal of Business Communication, 51(2), 183-202.
Mitchell, T. R., & Liden, R. C. (1982). The effects of the social context on performance evaluations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 29(2), 241-256.
Momeni, M., Kalali, N. S., Anvari, M. R. A., Raoofi, Z., & Zarrineh, A. (2011). What kind of people are the happiest? An empirical study. International Review of Business Research Papers, 7(3), 42-54.
Mone, E., Eisinger, C., Guggenheim, K., Price, B., & Stine, C. (2011). Performance management at the wheel: Driving employee engagement in organizations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26, 205–212.
Mosadeghrad, A. M., & Ansarian, M. (2014). Why do organisational change programmes fail? International Journal of Strategic Change Management, 5(3), 189-218.
Mosley, D. C., Pietri, P. H. & Mosley Jnr, D. C. (2012). Supervisory Management: The Art of Inspiring, Empowering and Developing People. Mason, OH: Thompson
Mugenda, O. Mugenda (2008) Social Sciences Research: Theory and Principles. Applied Research & Training Services, Nairobi: Kenya.
Musgrove, C., Ellinger, A. E., & Ellinger, A. D. (2014). Examining the influence of strategic profit emphases on employee engagement and service climate. Journal of Workplace Learning, 26, 152–171. doi:10.1108/JWL-08-2013-0057
Muzakki, M., Eliyana, A., & Muhtadi, R. (2019). Is employee performance affected by organizational cuoture, work motivation and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)?: An empirical investigation. IJIEEB International Journal of Integrated Education, Engineering and Business eISSN 2615-1596 pISSN 2615-2312, 2(1), 36-42.
Naufal, P., & Suryaputra, R. (2011). The Effect of Work Environment and Job Motivation on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance in PT . X. August, 200–205.
Nelson, Q. (2013). Principles of Organizational Behavior. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Newman, K. L. (2011). Sustainable careers. Organizational Dynamics, 40(2), 136.
Nguwi, M. (2016). Work engagement trends in Zimbabwe. Financial Gazette http://allafrica. com/stories/201012220113. html Accessed, 5.
Ofori, D., & Aryeetey, M. (2011). Recruitment and selection practices in small and medium enterprises: Perspectives from Ghana. International Journal of Business Administration, 2(3), 45.
Perrin, T. (2003). Working today: Understanding what drives employee engagement. The 2003 Towers Perrin Talent Report, 2.
Purcell, J. (2014). Disengaging from engagement. Human Resource Management Journal, 24, 241–254. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12046
Purvis, R. L., Zagenczyk, T. J., & McCray, G. E. (2015). What's in it for me? Using expectancy theory and climate to explain stakeholder participation, its direction and intensity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(1), 3-14.
Robertson, I. T., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Full engagement: The integration of employee engagement and psychological well-being. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31, 324–336.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 600-619.
Saunders, M., & Lewis, P. (2016). In Thornhill Adrian. Research methods for business students, 7(2), 23-34.
Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). What is engagement. Employee engagement in theory and practice, 15, 321.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Schedlitzki, D., & Edwards, G. (2017). Studying leadership: Traditional and critical approaches. Sage.
Shaw, K. (2005). An engagement strategy process for communicators. Strategic Communication Management, 9(3), 26.
Shuck, M. B., & Wollard, K. K. (2009). A historical perspective of employee engagement: An emerging definition, Proceedings of the Eighth Annual College of Education & GSN Research Conference,133-139.Retrieved from http://coeweb.fiu.edu/research_conference/
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). (2014). Employee job satisfaction and engagement: The road to economic recovery. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/hrtoday/trends-and-forecasting/research-and-surveys/Documents/140028%20JobSatEngage_Report_FULL_FNL.pdf
Society for Human Resource Management [SHRM] (2013). Employee job satisfaction and engagement. Revitalizing a Changing Workforce. Retrieved from www.shrm.org
Soieb, A. Z. M., Othman, J., & D'silva, J. L. (2013). The effects of perceived leadership styles and organizational citizenship behaviour on employee engagement: The mediating role of conflict management. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(8), 91.
Stanley, T. L. (2012). Motivation in today’s workplace. Human Resource Journal, 55(7), 1-9.
Suliman, A. A., & Al-Junaibi, Y. (2010). Commitment and turnover intention in the UAE oil industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(9), 1472-1489.
Sundaray, B. K. (2011). Employee engagement: a driver of organizational effectiveness. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(8), 53-59.
Tampubolon, H. (2017). The relationship between employee engagement, job motivation, and job satisfaction towards the employee performance. Corporate Ownership & Control, 13(2), 473-477.
Truss, K. (2014). The future of research in employee engagement. The Future of Engagement Thought Piece Collection, 80.
Van Rooy, D. L., Whitman, D. S., Hart, D., & Caleo, S. (2011). Measuring employee engagement during a financial downturn: business imperative or nuisance?. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(2), 147-152.
Vandenabeele, W. (2014). Explaining public service motivation: The role of leadership and basic needs satisfaction. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 34(2), 153-173.
Vroom, V. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Willey & Sons.
Wardani, N. K., & Eliyana, A. (2020). The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employees Performance with Communication Satisfaction Mediation (Case Study of Frontliner Employees of PT Bank Muamalat, TBK Surabaya). 117(Gcbme 2018), 247–252.
Welch, M. (2011). The evolution of the employee engagement concept: communication implications. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16 (4), 328-346.
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business Research Methods (8th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-western Cengage Learning.
Published
2021-10-21
How to Cite
Mudany, J. O., Awuor, E., Aosa, E., & Ogutu, M. (2021). INFLUENCE OF STAFF MOTIVATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT KENYA ELECTRICITY GENERATING COMPANY (KENGEN). African Journal of Emerging Issues, 3(9), 49 - 65. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/233
Issue
Section
Articles
