EFFECTS OF CONFLICT TYPES ON RELATIONSHIPS: COVID-19 IMPACT ON FAMILIES, INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNMENTS
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, considered the worst since the Great Depression, caused significant global disruption and deeply impacted families, institutions, and governments worldwide. Its effects transcended health and well-being, drastically altering economic realities for communities. This study, conducted through a desk review of peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and publications, confirms the significant impact of COVID-19 on these various sectors. Additionally, it explores the influence of different conflict types on relationships. Further research, utilizing primary data collection across these affected sectors, would be valuable in solidifying these findings and contributing to the broader body of knowledge.
Keywords: Conflict, Covid-19, Families, Institutions, Governments
References
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Angelo, E. (2019). Managing interpersonal conflict: Steps for success. Nursing Management, 50(6), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000558479.54449.ed
Bamson, D. & Zeb-Obipi, I. (2019). Compromise conflict management style and its impact on Organizational health of federal agencies in rivers state, Nigeria. International Journal of Business School Annals, 6(1):54-61. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34993.40806
Bao, Y., Zhu, F., Hu, Y., & Cui, N. (2016). The research of interpersonal conflict and solution strategies. Psychology, 7(4), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.74055
Chinenye, C-N. (2017). Workplace Conflict and Employees’ Intention to Quit in Private Healthcare Organizations in Rivers State. Scholarly Journal of Science Research and Essay, 6(3), 48-60.
Coleman, P., T., Deutsch, M., and Marcus, E., C. (2014). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, (3rd Edition). Jossey-Bass.
Dolgin, R. (2021, May 14). The impact of covid-19 on suicide rates. www.psycom.net. https://www.psycom.net/covid-19-suicide-rates
Fisher, J., Languilaire, J.-C., Lawthom, R., Nieuwenhuis, R., Petts, R. J., Runswick-Cole, K., & Yerkes, M. A. (2020). Community, work, and family in times of COVID-19. Community, Work & Family, 23(3), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2020.1756568
Gadermann, A. C., Thomson, K. C., Richardson, C. G., Gagné, M., McAuliffe, C., Hirani, S., & Jenkins, E. (2021). Examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family mental health in Canada: Findings from a national cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(1), e042871. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042871
Gigol, T., & Sypniewska, B. A. (2019). Interpersonal conflicts in the workplace and authentic leadership – evidence from Poland (L. Tauginiené, Ed.; pp. 37–62). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845298696-37
Harré, R., & Moghaddam, F. M. (2008). Intrapersonal conflict (F. M. Moghaddam, R. Harré, & N. Lee, Eds.; pp. 65–78). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72112-5_4
Haruna, J. B. (2021). The effects of different types of conflict on people and the relationships among them in nigeria. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 9(8), 1369–1375. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37574
Helfers, J., Jack, B., Mutua, M., Muyesu, J., Parker, C., & Tate, W. (2021). The economic impact of COVID-19 on small retail shops in Nairobi. LSE Business Review.
Herbert, S., & Marquette, H. (2021). Covid-19, governance, and conflict: Emerging impacts and future evidence needs. https://doi.org/10.19088/K4D.2021.029
Hinojosa, N. del R. F., & Acosta, L. del C. M. (2021). Economic impact of covid-19 in Asia, Europe, North Africa and the middle east. Open Journal of Business and Management, 09(05), 2640–2651. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2021.95145
Hosen, M., Uddin, M. N., Hossain, S., Islam, M. A., & Ahmad, A. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on tertiary educational institutions and students in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 8(1), e08806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08806
Huan, L. J. & Yazdanifard, R. (2012). The Difference of Conflict Management Styles and Conflict Resolution in Workplace. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1): 141-155.
Hussein, F.F.A. & Yahya, A.G.H. (2019). Conflicts: Their Types, and Their Negative and Positive Effects On Organizations. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 8(8): 10-13.
Hussein, F.F.A., Yahya, A.G.H., & Hassan, V.S.A. (2017). The relationship between conflict in management styles and organizational commitment: A case of Sana’a University. American Journal of Science and Technology. 4(4): 49-66.
Jerng, J.-S., Huang, S.-F., Liang, H.-W., Chen, L.-C., Lin, C.-K., Huang, H.-F., Hsieh, M.-Y., & Sun, J.-S. (2017). Workplace interpersonal conflicts among the healthcare workers: Retrospective exploration from the institutional incident reporting system of a university-affiliated medical center. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171696
Johnston, K., & Oliva, J. (2021). Covid-19 Lockdown Landslides: The Negative Impact of Subsequent Lockdowns on Loneliness, Wellbeing, and Mental Health of Australians. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, 16(4), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v16i4.855
Kalil, A., Mayer, S., & Shah, R. (2020). Impact of the covid-19 crisis on family dynamics in economically vulnerable households. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3705592
Khalid, S., Fatima, I., & Khan, W. (2016). Types of Conflicts in Doctors in Private and Public Sector Hospitals. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 22(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v22i2.1298
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., … Vugt, M. van. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
König, M., & Winkler, A. (2021). The impact of government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on GDP growth: Does strategy matter? PLOS ONE, 16(11), e0259362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259362
KONUK, H., & ATAMAN, G. (2021). The Effects of Conflict on Co-Worker Close Relationship: A Potential Mediator between Conflict and Organizational Outcomes. Journal of Marmara University Social Sciences Institute / Öneri, 16(56), 719–739. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.916554
Kreitner, R. & Kinicki, A. (2010). Organizational Behavior (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Lagos, D. G., Poulaki, P., & Lambrou, P. (2021). Covid-19 and its impact on tourism industry (N. Rezaei, Ed.; Vol. 1318, pp. 815–824). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_45
Laursen, B., & Hafen, C. A. (2009). Future directions in the study of close relationships: Conflict is bad (Except when it’s not): conflict is bad (Except when it’s not). Social Development, 19(4), 858–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00546.x
Lee, Y-T. (2020). Dynamic Balancing as A Core Quality for Global Leaders in Crisis Time. In "Perspectives on Global Leadership and the COVID-19 Crisis", Osland, J.S., Szkudlarek, B.,
Mendenhall, M.E. and Reiche, B.S. (Ed.) Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Vol. 13), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 3-56.
Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2015). Essentials of negotiation (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
Maestripieri, L. (2021). The covid-19 pandemics: Why intersectionality matters. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 642662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.642662
Marques, F., Lourenço, P., Dimas, I. & Rebelo, T. 2015. The relationship between types of conflict, conflict handling strategies and group effectiveness. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 3(1), pp. 58-77.
Nechifor, V., Ramos, M. P., Ferrari, E., Laichena, J., Kihiu, E., Omanyo, D., Musamali, R., & Kiriga, B. (2021). Food security and welfare changes under COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts and responses in Kenya. Global Food Security, 28, 100514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100514
Nielsen, K. (2020). The Bat Effect: Global Leadership Is Normal Leadership in Times of Crisis. In "Perspectives on Global Leadership and the COVID-19 Crisis", Osland, J.S.,
Szkudlarek, B., Mendenhall, M.E. and Reiche, B.S. (Ed.) Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Vol. 13), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 3-56.
Oksana, S. (2021). The effect of covid-19 on tourism and hospitality industry: Resurgence in the post-pandemic era. Journal of Organizational Culture Communications and Conflict, 25(S6), 1-2.
Pinchoff, J., Friesen, E. L., Kangwana, B., Mbushi, F., Muluve, E., Ngo, T. D., & Austrian, K. (2021). How has covid-19-related income loss and household stress affected adolescent mental health in kenya? Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(5), 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.023
Popouet, S. Y. (2021). Covid-19: Impact and opportunities in Gabon. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 09(08), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.98012
Psychreel. (2020, November 5). Intrapersonal conflict (What is it and how to cope). https://psychreel.com/intrapersonal-conflict/
Raines, S. (2020). Conflict management for managers: Resolving workplace, client, and policy disputes (Second Edition). Rowman & Littlefield.
Rosario-Hernández, E., Jiménez, C. M., Ocasio, A. M., Ramos-Pibernus, A., & Rivera-Segarra, E. (2021). The Impact of Covid-19 Work Demands on Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Well-Being among Essential Non-Healthcare Workers. Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology / Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 32(2), 220–236.
Sher, L. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(10), 707–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa202
Shukla, M., Pandey, R., Singh, T., Riddleston, L., Hutchinson, T., Kumari, V., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2021). The effect of covid-19 and related lockdown phases on young peoples’ worries and emotions: Novel data from india. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 645183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.645183
Singh, S., Kumar, R., Panchal, R., & Tiwari, M. K. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on logistics systems and disruptions in food supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 59(7), 1993–2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1792000
UNICEF. (2020, December 30). COVID-19 and conflict: A deadly combination. https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/covid-19-and-conflict-deadly-combination
Vanderhout, S. M., Birken, C. S., Wong, P., Kelleher, S., Weir, S., & Maguire, J. L. (2020). Family perspectives of COVID-19 research. Research Involvement and Engagement, 6(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-00242-1
Wren-Lewis, S. (2020, March 10). The economic effects of a pandemic. https://socialeurope.eu/the-economic-effects-of-a-pandemic
Wronka, C. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on financial institutions: navigating the global emerging patterns of financial crime. Journal of Financial Crime, 29(2), 476–490. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-03-2021-0073
Zhai, S., Li, Y. J., & Chi, M. (2022). The impact of government social media information quality on public panic during the infodemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 908213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.908213
Zhou, Y., Rahman, M. M., & Khanam, R. (2022). The impact of the government response on pandemic control in the long run—A dynamic empirical analysis based on COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0267232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267232
Andrade, C., Gillen, M., Molina, J. A., & Wilmarth, M. J. (2022). The social and economic impact of covid-19 on family functioning and well-being: Where do we go from here? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 43(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-022-09848-x
Angelo, E. (2019). Managing interpersonal conflict: Steps for success. Nursing Management, 50(6), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000558479.54449.ed
Bamson, D. & Zeb-Obipi, I. (2019). Compromise conflict management style and its impact on Organizational health of federal agencies in rivers state, Nigeria. International Journal of Business School Annals, 6(1):54-61. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34993.40806
Bao, Y., Zhu, F., Hu, Y., & Cui, N. (2016). The research of interpersonal conflict and solution strategies. Psychology, 7(4), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.74055
Chinenye, C-N. (2017). Workplace Conflict and Employees’ Intention to Quit in Private Healthcare Organizations in Rivers State. Scholarly Journal of Science Research and Essay, 6(3), 48-60.
Coleman, P., T., Deutsch, M., and Marcus, E., C. (2014). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, (3rd Edition). Jossey-Bass.
Dolgin, R. (2021, May 14). The impact of covid-19 on suicide rates. www.psycom.net. https://www.psycom.net/covid-19-suicide-rates
Fisher, J., Languilaire, J.-C., Lawthom, R., Nieuwenhuis, R., Petts, R. J., Runswick-Cole, K., & Yerkes, M. A. (2020). Community, work, and family in times of COVID-19. Community, Work & Family, 23(3), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2020.1756568
Gadermann, A. C., Thomson, K. C., Richardson, C. G., Gagné, M., McAuliffe, C., Hirani, S., & Jenkins, E. (2021). Examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family mental health in Canada: Findings from a national cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(1), e042871. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042871
Gigol, T., & Sypniewska, B. A. (2019). Interpersonal conflicts in the workplace and authentic leadership – evidence from Poland (L. Tauginiené, Ed.; pp. 37–62). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845298696-37
Harré, R., & Moghaddam, F. M. (2008). Intrapersonal conflict (F. M. Moghaddam, R. Harré, & N. Lee, Eds.; pp. 65–78). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72112-5_4
Haruna, J. B. (2021). The effects of different types of conflict on people and the relationships among them in nigeria. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 9(8), 1369–1375. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37574
Helfers, J., Jack, B., Mutua, M., Muyesu, J., Parker, C., & Tate, W. (2021). The economic impact of COVID-19 on small retail shops in Nairobi. LSE Business Review.
Herbert, S., & Marquette, H. (2021). Covid-19, governance, and conflict: Emerging impacts and future evidence needs. https://doi.org/10.19088/K4D.2021.029
Hinojosa, N. del R. F., & Acosta, L. del C. M. (2021). Economic impact of covid-19 in Asia, Europe, North Africa and the middle east. Open Journal of Business and Management, 09(05), 2640–2651. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2021.95145
Hosen, M., Uddin, M. N., Hossain, S., Islam, M. A., & Ahmad, A. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on tertiary educational institutions and students in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 8(1), e08806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08806
Huan, L. J. & Yazdanifard, R. (2012). The Difference of Conflict Management Styles and Conflict Resolution in Workplace. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1): 141-155.
Hussein, F.F.A. & Yahya, A.G.H. (2019). Conflicts: Their Types, and Their Negative and Positive Effects On Organizations. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 8(8): 10-13.
Hussein, F.F.A., Yahya, A.G.H., & Hassan, V.S.A. (2017). The relationship between conflict in management styles and organizational commitment: A case of Sana’a University. American Journal of Science and Technology. 4(4): 49-66.
Jerng, J.-S., Huang, S.-F., Liang, H.-W., Chen, L.-C., Lin, C.-K., Huang, H.-F., Hsieh, M.-Y., & Sun, J.-S. (2017). Workplace interpersonal conflicts among the healthcare workers: Retrospective exploration from the institutional incident reporting system of a university-affiliated medical center. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171696
Johnston, K., & Oliva, J. (2021). Covid-19 Lockdown Landslides: The Negative Impact of Subsequent Lockdowns on Loneliness, Wellbeing, and Mental Health of Australians. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, 16(4), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v16i4.855
Kalil, A., Mayer, S., & Shah, R. (2020). Impact of the covid-19 crisis on family dynamics in economically vulnerable households. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3705592
Khalid, S., Fatima, I., & Khan, W. (2016). Types of Conflicts in Doctors in Private and Public Sector Hospitals. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 22(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v22i2.1298
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., … Vugt, M. van. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
König, M., & Winkler, A. (2021). The impact of government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on GDP growth: Does strategy matter? PLOS ONE, 16(11), e0259362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259362
KONUK, H., & ATAMAN, G. (2021). The Effects of Conflict on Co-Worker Close Relationship: A Potential Mediator between Conflict and Organizational Outcomes. Journal of Marmara University Social Sciences Institute / Öneri, 16(56), 719–739. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.916554
Kreitner, R. & Kinicki, A. (2010). Organizational Behavior (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Lagos, D. G., Poulaki, P., & Lambrou, P. (2021). Covid-19 and its impact on tourism industry (N. Rezaei, Ed.; Vol. 1318, pp. 815–824). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_45
Laursen, B., & Hafen, C. A. (2009). Future directions in the study of close relationships: Conflict is bad (Except when it’s not): conflict is bad (Except when it’s not). Social Development, 19(4), 858–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00546.x
Lee, Y-T. (2020). Dynamic Balancing as A Core Quality for Global Leaders in Crisis Time. In "Perspectives on Global Leadership and the COVID-19 Crisis", Osland, J.S., Szkudlarek, B.,
Mendenhall, M.E. and Reiche, B.S. (Ed.) Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Vol. 13), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 3-56.
Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2015). Essentials of negotiation (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
Maestripieri, L. (2021). The covid-19 pandemics: Why intersectionality matters. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 642662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.642662
Marques, F., Lourenço, P., Dimas, I. & Rebelo, T. 2015. The relationship between types of conflict, conflict handling strategies and group effectiveness. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 3(1), pp. 58-77.
Nechifor, V., Ramos, M. P., Ferrari, E., Laichena, J., Kihiu, E., Omanyo, D., Musamali, R., & Kiriga, B. (2021). Food security and welfare changes under COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts and responses in Kenya. Global Food Security, 28, 100514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100514
Nielsen, K. (2020). The Bat Effect: Global Leadership Is Normal Leadership in Times of Crisis. In "Perspectives on Global Leadership and the COVID-19 Crisis", Osland, J.S.,
Szkudlarek, B., Mendenhall, M.E. and Reiche, B.S. (Ed.) Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Vol. 13), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 3-56.
Oksana, S. (2021). The effect of covid-19 on tourism and hospitality industry: Resurgence in the post-pandemic era. Journal of Organizational Culture Communications and Conflict, 25(S6), 1-2.
Pinchoff, J., Friesen, E. L., Kangwana, B., Mbushi, F., Muluve, E., Ngo, T. D., & Austrian, K. (2021). How has covid-19-related income loss and household stress affected adolescent mental health in kenya? Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(5), 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.023
Popouet, S. Y. (2021). Covid-19: Impact and opportunities in Gabon. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 09(08), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.98012
Psychreel. (2020, November 5). Intrapersonal conflict (What is it and how to cope). https://psychreel.com/intrapersonal-conflict/
Raines, S. (2020). Conflict management for managers: Resolving workplace, client, and policy disputes (Second Edition). Rowman & Littlefield.
Rosario-Hernández, E., Jiménez, C. M., Ocasio, A. M., Ramos-Pibernus, A., & Rivera-Segarra, E. (2021). The Impact of Covid-19 Work Demands on Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Well-Being among Essential Non-Healthcare Workers. Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology / Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 32(2), 220–236.
Sher, L. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(10), 707–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa202
Shukla, M., Pandey, R., Singh, T., Riddleston, L., Hutchinson, T., Kumari, V., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2021). The effect of covid-19 and related lockdown phases on young peoples’ worries and emotions: Novel data from india. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 645183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.645183
Singh, S., Kumar, R., Panchal, R., & Tiwari, M. K. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on logistics systems and disruptions in food supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 59(7), 1993–2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1792000
UNICEF. (2020, December 30). COVID-19 and conflict: A deadly combination. https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/covid-19-and-conflict-deadly-combination
Vanderhout, S. M., Birken, C. S., Wong, P., Kelleher, S., Weir, S., & Maguire, J. L. (2020). Family perspectives of COVID-19 research. Research Involvement and Engagement, 6(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-00242-1
Wren-Lewis, S. (2020, March 10). The economic effects of a pandemic. https://socialeurope.eu/the-economic-effects-of-a-pandemic
Wronka, C. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on financial institutions: navigating the global emerging patterns of financial crime. Journal of Financial Crime, 29(2), 476–490. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-03-2021-0073
Zhai, S., Li, Y. J., & Chi, M. (2022). The impact of government social media information quality on public panic during the infodemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 908213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.908213
Zhou, Y., Rahman, M. M., & Khanam, R. (2022). The impact of the government response on pandemic control in the long run—A dynamic empirical analysis based on COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0267232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267232
Published
2024-04-26
How to Cite
Shiundu , T. W. (2024). EFFECTS OF CONFLICT TYPES ON RELATIONSHIPS: COVID-19 IMPACT ON FAMILIES, INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNMENTS. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 6(8), 1 - 17. Retrieved from https://ajoeijournals.org/sys/index.php/ajoei/article/view/594
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